<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[georgiaphile]]></title><description><![CDATA[On the culture & history of Georgia / ქართულ კულტურასა და ისტორიაზე]]></description><link>https://www.georgiaphile.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!J2cm!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23c10756-8814-4d75-9c1b-4e3785d2a8b0_258x258.png</url><title>georgiaphile</title><link>https://www.georgiaphile.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Sat, 18 Apr 2026 08:52:39 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://www.georgiaphile.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Adam]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[georgiafile@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[georgiafile@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Adam]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Adam]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[georgiafile@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[georgiafile@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Adam]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[The need for Kartvelian Studies]]></title><description><![CDATA[Why Georgia falls outside the historical map]]></description><link>https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/the-need-for-kartvelian-studies</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/the-need-for-kartvelian-studies</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Adam]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 25 Jan 2026 08:27:26 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8c6e949e-d77a-412a-90c0-02c7936a70e3_1224x860.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rcmw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa384497a-0722-4412-bd50-37f9599eb34f_1752x898.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rcmw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa384497a-0722-4412-bd50-37f9599eb34f_1752x898.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rcmw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa384497a-0722-4412-bd50-37f9599eb34f_1752x898.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rcmw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa384497a-0722-4412-bd50-37f9599eb34f_1752x898.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rcmw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa384497a-0722-4412-bd50-37f9599eb34f_1752x898.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rcmw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa384497a-0722-4412-bd50-37f9599eb34f_1752x898.heic" width="1456" height="746" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rcmw!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa384497a-0722-4412-bd50-37f9599eb34f_1752x898.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rcmw!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa384497a-0722-4412-bd50-37f9599eb34f_1752x898.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rcmw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa384497a-0722-4412-bd50-37f9599eb34f_1752x898.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rcmw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa384497a-0722-4412-bd50-37f9599eb34f_1752x898.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">[three examples of Georgian studies journals]</figcaption></figure></div><p>Kartvelian studies emerged long before it acquired a name. The earliest attempts to describe Georgia and its inhabitants appear in classical Greek and Roman texts (e.g., Hippocrates, Aristotle, Strabo, Pliny the Elder, Plutarch), where the region entered written history as a geographic, ethnographic, and political curiosity.</p><p>Over the following centuries, scattered references gave way to more sustained observation, particularly through Byzantine sources and early modern travel writing of the 17th and 18th centuries. This long, uneven process came to a head in the 19th and early 20th centuries, when Georgian culture began to be studied as a whole, spanning language, literature, art, archaeology, folklore, ethnography, history, law, and other humanistic disciplines. The establishment of Tbilisi State University (1918) and the Georgian Academy of Sciences (1941) was really what allowed the field to flourish.</p><p>In an article from The Karvelologist titled, &#8220;The problem: why is Georgian history so little known in the West?&#8221;, the author suggests several reasons for a lack of outside scholarship [1]: </p><blockquote><p>A major problem is location: Georgia lies beyond Constantinople, beyond our artificial boundary of &#8220;Europe&#8221;; yet we do not associate Georgia with the Near East. Language has not helped; both the Georgian script and grammar are immensely challenging. In addition, a constantly changing mosaic of political entities hampers acquaintanceship. Religion has not helped; only the specialist sees beyond Western European Catholicism and Protestantism. Georgia (at least until 1990) could be termed &#8220;a stepchild of history&#8221;, presented to us most often as a footnote to Persian, Turkish, and Russian history, shamefully shortsighted and intellectually limited though this is.</p></blockquote><p>Taken together, these explanations point less to an absence of material than to a deeper problem of how Georgia has been positioned within Western historical narratives. In essence, it doesn&#8217;t fit neatly into the categories that scholarship relies on. As a field formed to study a society that consistently resists such categories, kartvelology comes about in response to this structural blind spot.</p><p>Kartvelian studies, then, is an attempt to treat Georgia as a subject rather than an afterthought. The journals<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a>, institutes, and cross-disciplinary work that define the field grew out of a practical need: to bring together a history and culture that had long been scattered across other traditions or ignored altogether. The aim in this article is not to survey Kartvelology, but to explain why such a field had to be created in the first place, and what that need says about the gaps in how history is usually written. The article quoted earlier closes with a proposition:</p><blockquote><p>In the age of the internet, can we not ask for a site and service to make English-language materials available to any interested reader? This is the vital first step in winning the wider audience that culturally rich Georgia so well deserves.</p></blockquote><p>My answer to that is &#8220;yes&#8221;. And while only a small part of a much larger effort, the hope is that Georgiaphile can serve as one such bridge, or at least help extend it a little further. </p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Sources</strong></p><p><a href="http://kartvelologi.tsu.ge/public/en/arqive/8/3">1</a> - The problem: why is Georgian history so little known in the West?</p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p> ex. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191111191811/http://openlibrary.ge/handle/123456789/709">Bedi Karthlisa</a>, <a href="https://georgica.journals.humanities.tsu.ge/index.php/georgica/issue/archive">Georgica</a>, <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k4765959d/f2.item">Le Caucase</a>, <a href="http://kartvelologi.tsu.ge/public/en/arqive">The Kartvelologist</a>, <a href="http://ejournals.atsu.ge/Kartvelology/index.php?lng=En">Kartvelian Heritage</a>, et al.</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The urban garden of Old Tbilisi]]></title><description><![CDATA[Ortachala, bohemia and a lost commons]]></description><link>https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/the-urban-garden-of-old-tbilisi</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/the-urban-garden-of-old-tbilisi</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Adam]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 20 Jan 2026 07:24:45 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZO15!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcab36fc-cc91-4a6d-a3cf-af831e6894a5_960x766.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZO15!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcab36fc-cc91-4a6d-a3cf-af831e6894a5_960x766.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZO15!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcab36fc-cc91-4a6d-a3cf-af831e6894a5_960x766.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZO15!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcab36fc-cc91-4a6d-a3cf-af831e6894a5_960x766.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZO15!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcab36fc-cc91-4a6d-a3cf-af831e6894a5_960x766.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZO15!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcab36fc-cc91-4a6d-a3cf-af831e6894a5_960x766.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZO15!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcab36fc-cc91-4a6d-a3cf-af831e6894a5_960x766.heic" width="960" height="766" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/dcab36fc-cc91-4a6d-a3cf-af831e6894a5_960x766.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:766,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:257956,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.georgiaphile.com/i/183260429?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcab36fc-cc91-4a6d-a3cf-af831e6894a5_960x766.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZO15!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcab36fc-cc91-4a6d-a3cf-af831e6894a5_960x766.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZO15!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcab36fc-cc91-4a6d-a3cf-af831e6894a5_960x766.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZO15!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcab36fc-cc91-4a6d-a3cf-af831e6894a5_960x766.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZO15!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcab36fc-cc91-4a6d-a3cf-af831e6894a5_960x766.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">[1903 map of Ortachala]</figcaption></figure></div><p>In the mid-20th century, Soviet development plans demanded the reinforcement of the banks of Tbilisi&#8217;s main river, the Mtkvari. Long before embankment walls went up, the capital was home to several islands, both large and small, as well as a dense landscape of Iranian-style gardens that structured leisure, sociability, and movement beyond the city proper. In 19th-century Tbilisi, recreation was not organized around plazas or parks in the Western sense, but around cultivated garden spaces embedded both at the city&#8217;s edges and within its neighborhoods. </p><p>Sololaki Gardens (pre-1795), along with 19th century green spaces such as Alexandrovski Garden<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a>, Mushtaidi<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a> and Ortachala functioned as seasonal escapes and social filters, often reflecting class divisions more clearly than neighborhoods did. In this sense, Tbilisi was a city of gardens - heterotopias, to use Foucault&#8217;s term - where ordinary social boundaries were temporarily loosened [1, 2].</p><p>The largest and most well-known of them - Ortachala Island - sat where the river split into branches, just south of the city. The first time it was given a name was in 1735, on the <a href="https://imgur.com/a/JVy2quX">map</a> of Prince Vakhushti Bagrationi, the Georgian geographer and historian. There, it appears as the Krtsanisi Garden, named after the nearby district of Krtsanisi to which the land was administratively attached. Following the death of King George XII in 1800 and the removal of Prince David Batonishvili from Georgia one year later, the royal gardens passed out of dynastic hands. At first, they were ecclesiastically owned and, soon after, entered into the hands of Tbilisi&#8217;s merchant class. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6N_S!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa28de208-a974-4179-a961-73d295aa1709_1600x1341.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6N_S!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa28de208-a974-4179-a961-73d295aa1709_1600x1341.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6N_S!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa28de208-a974-4179-a961-73d295aa1709_1600x1341.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6N_S!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa28de208-a974-4179-a961-73d295aa1709_1600x1341.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6N_S!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa28de208-a974-4179-a961-73d295aa1709_1600x1341.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6N_S!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa28de208-a974-4179-a961-73d295aa1709_1600x1341.heic" width="1456" height="1220" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a28de208-a974-4179-a961-73d295aa1709_1600x1341.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1220,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:585485,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.georgiaphile.com/i/183260429?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa28de208-a974-4179-a961-73d295aa1709_1600x1341.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6N_S!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa28de208-a974-4179-a961-73d295aa1709_1600x1341.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6N_S!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa28de208-a974-4179-a961-73d295aa1709_1600x1341.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6N_S!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa28de208-a974-4179-a961-73d295aa1709_1600x1341.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6N_S!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa28de208-a974-4179-a961-73d295aa1709_1600x1341.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">[Pirosmani&#8217;s The Beauties of Ortachala, 1905]</figcaption></figure></div><h4>A threaded commons</h4><p>At Ortachala, leisure took a distinctly urban-folk form, with Tbilisians arriving by carriage and on foot with tethered sheep and wineskins filled with Kakhetian wine. Groups gathered for long picnics, music drifted from duduk and daira<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a>, and ashugh poetry was passed along orally before ever reaching the page. By the 19th century, literary recitation was already part of the atmosphere; in the 1920s, this evolved into open ideological clashes between the Symbolist Blue Horns and emerging proletarian writers. In effect, Ortachala was a social stage: noisy and intellectually alive, but also a working landscape, its orchards and kitchen gardens supplying the city each morning. The produce was carried into the city across a <a href="https://imgur.com/a/fSX9mkp">bridge</a>, by donkeys, which came to be known as the <strong>&#8220;</strong>Donkey Bridge&#8221;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ehaa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe988ef85-ccc2-4179-8d77-3fea1265013f_1026x800.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ehaa!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe988ef85-ccc2-4179-8d77-3fea1265013f_1026x800.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ehaa!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe988ef85-ccc2-4179-8d77-3fea1265013f_1026x800.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ehaa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe988ef85-ccc2-4179-8d77-3fea1265013f_1026x800.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ehaa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe988ef85-ccc2-4179-8d77-3fea1265013f_1026x800.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ehaa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe988ef85-ccc2-4179-8d77-3fea1265013f_1026x800.heic" width="1026" height="800" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e988ef85-ccc2-4179-8d77-3fea1265013f_1026x800.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:800,&quot;width&quot;:1026,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:202103,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.georgiaphile.com/i/183260429?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe988ef85-ccc2-4179-8d77-3fea1265013f_1026x800.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ehaa!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe988ef85-ccc2-4179-8d77-3fea1265013f_1026x800.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ehaa!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe988ef85-ccc2-4179-8d77-3fea1265013f_1026x800.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ehaa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe988ef85-ccc2-4179-8d77-3fea1265013f_1026x800.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ehaa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe988ef85-ccc2-4179-8d77-3fea1265013f_1026x800.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">[Pirosmani&#8217;s Donkey Bridge, 1895]</figcaption></figure></div><p>This &#8220;meadow between waters,&#8221; as its etymology suggests, was neither a royal park nor a fully public square. It could best be explained as a commons threaded through private plots. The area consisted of individually owned gardens - often belonging to merchants or gardeners - linked by informal paths. Social life unfolded in a semi-public way: gatherings took place by invitation within particular gardens, yet movement between plots, taverns, brothels, and eating houses kept Ortachala open, noisy, and broadly accessible. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!___k!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39662f41-cda7-4064-9159-36b7d02d3d79_1400x897.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!___k!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39662f41-cda7-4064-9159-36b7d02d3d79_1400x897.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!___k!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39662f41-cda7-4064-9159-36b7d02d3d79_1400x897.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!___k!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39662f41-cda7-4064-9159-36b7d02d3d79_1400x897.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!___k!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39662f41-cda7-4064-9159-36b7d02d3d79_1400x897.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!___k!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39662f41-cda7-4064-9159-36b7d02d3d79_1400x897.heic" width="1400" height="897" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/39662f41-cda7-4064-9159-36b7d02d3d79_1400x897.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:897,&quot;width&quot;:1400,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:482491,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.georgiaphile.com/i/183260429?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39662f41-cda7-4064-9159-36b7d02d3d79_1400x897.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!___k!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39662f41-cda7-4064-9159-36b7d02d3d79_1400x897.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!___k!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39662f41-cda7-4064-9159-36b7d02d3d79_1400x897.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!___k!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39662f41-cda7-4064-9159-36b7d02d3d79_1400x897.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!___k!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39662f41-cda7-4064-9159-36b7d02d3d79_1400x897.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">[Old Tbilisi: A garden feast, Oscar Schmerling, 1928[</figcaption></figure></div><p>An 1869 article titled <em>&#8220;A Stroll Through Tbilisi,&#8221;</em> best captures the feeling [3]<em>:</em></p><blockquote><p>What could compare to this poetic disorder, this irregularity - the vine trellises, the pleasant scent of tall walnut trees heavy with foliage, the eye-catching and mouth-watering variety of fruit, and finally the ear-awakening creak and grind of the waterwheel? Now a song, now the duduk, the daira, cool mulberries, cherries&#8230; How could the above-mentioned gardens compare to this, with their evenly planted trees and walkways tamped down with crushed brick, where you wouldn&#8217;t even find a rug or a small cushion to lie back on for a moment or bend your knee?</p></blockquote><p>Among the recurring figures of Ortachala was the <em>kinto</em>: a small-scale street trader who moved through Tbilisi&#8217;s streets selling fruit and other goods from a tray or handcart. The figure emerged from Iranian urban traditions and appeared in Tbilisi during the period of Persian rule, taking on its familiar shape in the 19th century. Quick on his feet, verbally agile and socially marginal, the kinto belonged to the world of petty trade rather than to the city&#8217;s civic or craft traditions. Later folklore, especially in the Soviet period, often blurred this figure with the <em>qaracho&#287;eli</em>, an older urban type of Georgian origin associated with honor and public standing [4].</p><p>Beyond his role in the city&#8217;s economy, the kinto also served as a convenient poetic stand-in, allowing aristocratic authors to describe urban pleasure without speaking in their own voice. Poetry of the period rarely described &#8220;coffee houses, baths, markets, balconies, courtyards, and squares&#8221; directly; instead, it circled gardens, feasting, music, and leisure, often voiced through the lowlife trader [2]. The &#8220;I&#8221; in such poems was vicarious rather than autobiographical, a form of ventriloquism not unlike the <em>cantigas de amigo</em> of medieval Galicia, where male poets wrote in a female voice. </p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8fb82ad2-4c6e-4e41-9c67-955a2a616f48_1266x882.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2ca4285d-fc7f-48d5-9481-c4d1261e1975_5136x4055.jpeg&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;[kinto &amp; qaracho&#287;eli]&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f1d9f494-f3bf-4594-819a-e86069ce952b_1456x720.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p>The qaracho&#287;eli, by contrast, was a rooted urban type of Georgian origin, tied to craft guilds (<em>amkari</em>) and neighborhood life rather than to itinerant trade. Artisans in Old Tbilisi were organized into these guilds, each trade having its own, headed by a senior master. The amkari functioned not only as a professional association but also as a form of social security, regulating production, overseeing workshops, enforcing obligations, and protecting members&#8217; rights. Typically an artisan or small shopkeeper, the qaracho&#287;eli was known for physical presence, bravado, and a public code of honor. Unlike the socially marginal kinto, he occupied a recognized place in the moral economy of old Tbilisi, and the two figures were mutually antagonistic, reflecting the divide between guild-based craft life and precarious petty trade. Qaracho&#287;elebi were frequent figures in Ortachala, famed as singers, revelers, and wrestlers [5]. </p><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Swih!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c8cd516-c81c-40ef-83dd-9eab78413cb9_1080x676.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Swih!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c8cd516-c81c-40ef-83dd-9eab78413cb9_1080x676.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Swih!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c8cd516-c81c-40ef-83dd-9eab78413cb9_1080x676.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Swih!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c8cd516-c81c-40ef-83dd-9eab78413cb9_1080x676.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Swih!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c8cd516-c81c-40ef-83dd-9eab78413cb9_1080x676.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Swih!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c8cd516-c81c-40ef-83dd-9eab78413cb9_1080x676.heic" width="1080" height="676" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3c8cd516-c81c-40ef-83dd-9eab78413cb9_1080x676.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:676,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:126334,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.georgiaphile.com/i/183260429?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c8cd516-c81c-40ef-83dd-9eab78413cb9_1080x676.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Swih!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c8cd516-c81c-40ef-83dd-9eab78413cb9_1080x676.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Swih!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c8cd516-c81c-40ef-83dd-9eab78413cb9_1080x676.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Swih!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c8cd516-c81c-40ef-83dd-9eab78413cb9_1080x676.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Swih!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c8cd516-c81c-40ef-83dd-9eab78413cb9_1080x676.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">[Ortachala, 6]</figcaption></figure></div><p>Ortachala was never just a garden suburb or a site of leisure. It was a working landscape and a social commons, where irrigation canals, vineyards, and market gardens coexisted with music, drink, poetry, and spectacle. Figures like the kinto and the qaracho&#287;eli moved through this space in different ways, embodying the textures of old Tbilisi&#8217;s urban culture.</p><p>Little of this world remains. Behind modern buildings, faint traces of Ortachala&#8217;s nineteenth-century bohemia still surface: ruined bathhouses, fragments of brick pools, and the foundations of old inns and taverns, overgrown and slowly fading. With the construction of the Ortachala Hydropower Plant in the 1950s, the embankments, and later urban development, the river branch was erased, the island disappeared, and the gardens that once sustained both leisure and livelihood gave way to high-rise housing. What survives is largely historical memory. Ortachala is no longer a place to be entered, only one in which, as Grigol Orbeliani wrote, he once saw himself, across the social and emotional life of the city.</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Additional information</strong></p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ei3jA-CLVFc">1</a> - &#4321;&#4304;&#4307; &#4315;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;&#4320;&#4308;&#4317;&#4305;&#4307;&#4304; &#4314;&#4308;&#4306;&#4308;&#4316;&#4307;&#4304;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4317;&#4320;&#4311;&#4304;&#4333;&#4304;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321; &#4305;&#4304;&#4326;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; - &#4310;&#4323;&#4320;&#4304; &#4305;&#4304;&#4314;&#4304;&#4316;&#4329;&#4312;&#4309;&#4304;&#4331;&#4312;&#4321; &#4320;&#4323;&#4305;&#4320;&#4312;&#4313;&#4304;&#4328;&#4312; &#8222;&#4308;&#4321; &#4312;&#4330;&#4317;&#4307;&#4312;&#4311;?&#8220; [6m]</p><p><a href="https://georgiatoday.ge/rivers-of-tbilisi-a-brief-history-of-the-urban-centers-relationship-with-its-waterways/">2</a> - Rivers of Tbilisi &#8211; a Brief History of the Urban Center&#8217;s Relationship with its Waterways</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Sources</strong></p><p><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321267104_Public_Parks_of_Tbilisi">1</a> - Public Parks of Tbilisi (pdf)</p><p><a href="https://tiflis-tbilisi.com/application/files/1415/7771/7497/City_of_Gardens_December_2019-2.pdf">2A</a> - The City of Gardens: Three Garden Heterotopias of Old Tbilisi <br><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/poetic-chaos-of-gardens-and-genres-in-colonial-tbilisi/886DB592BCA1ABDB27E44C89F861CAF4">2B</a> -  The &#8220;Poetic Chaos&#8221; of Gardens and Genres in Colonial Tbilisi</p><p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706185256/https://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php?a=term&amp;d=36&amp;t=481">3</a> - &#4317;&#4320;&#4311;&#4304;&#4333;&#4304;&#4314;&#4304; - National Parliamentary Library of Georgia</p><p><a href="https://burusi.wordpress.com/2009/06/21/kinto/">4</a> - &#4313;&#4312;&#4316;&#4322;&#4317; &#8211; kinto</p><p><a href="https://www.facebook.com/100042098603434/posts/&#4327;&#4304;&#4320;&#4304;&#4329;&#4317;&#4326;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312;-&#4307;&#4304;-&#4313;&#4312;&#4316;&#4322;&#4317;&#4304;&#4320;&#4304;-&#4305;&#4317;&#4314;&#4317;-&#4307;&#4320;&#4317;&#4321;-&#4306;&#4304;&#4322;&#4308;&#4334;&#4312;&#4314;&#4312;-&#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321;-&#4306;&#4304;&#4315;&#4311;&#4308;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321;&#4311;&#4309;&#4312;&#4321;-&#4304;&#4320;&#4304;&#4315;&#4308;&#4307;-&#4321;&#4312;&#4310;&#4323;&#4321;&#4322;&#4312;&#4321;/1564574943615081/">5</a> - &#4319;&#4323;&#4320;&#4316;&#4304;&#4314;&#4312; &#8220;&#4312;&#4321;&#4322;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4304;&#4316;&#4312;&#8221;, 2013 &#4332;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321; &#4315;&#4304;&#4320;&#4322;&#4312;, &#4316;&#4317;&#4315;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312; #3/27</p><p><a href="https://at.ge/2020/09/06/fotoambavi/">6</a> - &#4324;&#4317;&#4322;&#4317;&#4304;&#4315;&#4305;&#4304;&#4309;&#4312;: &#4320;&#4317;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320; &#4306;&#4304;&#4315;&#4317;&#4312;&#4327;&#4323;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4317;&#4307;&#4304; &#4330;&#4316;&#4317;&#4305;&#4312;&#4314;&#4312; &#8220;&#4317;&#4320;&#4311;&#4304;&#4333;&#4304;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321; &#4305;&#4304;&#4326;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#8221;</p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>British traveller in 1896: &#8220;Here at times an excellent military band discourses music, and all the fashionable world of Tiflis parades. It is difficult, then, when walking under shady trees, surrounded by a well dressed European crowd, to imagine oneself in an Asiatic town.&#8221;</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>roughly the area of today&#8217;s Mziuri Park / former Hippodrome&#8211;Vake edge, near the Vere River. In the 19th century it was a landscaped garden associated with European-style leisure - promenading, concerts, caf&#233;s</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>local traditional instruments</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Sakutreba and the roots of ownership]]></title><description><![CDATA[Property and power in early Georgia]]></description><link>https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/sakutreba-and-the-roots-of-ownership</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/sakutreba-and-the-roots-of-ownership</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Adam]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 29 Dec 2025 13:01:56 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rAbp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4165b9a7-4ebb-483a-b2a1-f1e591c2f3df_960x322.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rAbp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4165b9a7-4ebb-483a-b2a1-f1e591c2f3df_960x322.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rAbp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4165b9a7-4ebb-483a-b2a1-f1e591c2f3df_960x322.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rAbp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4165b9a7-4ebb-483a-b2a1-f1e591c2f3df_960x322.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rAbp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4165b9a7-4ebb-483a-b2a1-f1e591c2f3df_960x322.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rAbp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4165b9a7-4ebb-483a-b2a1-f1e591c2f3df_960x322.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rAbp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4165b9a7-4ebb-483a-b2a1-f1e591c2f3df_960x322.heic" width="960" height="322" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4165b9a7-4ebb-483a-b2a1-f1e591c2f3df_960x322.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:322,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:58360,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.georgiaphile.com/i/182775680?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4165b9a7-4ebb-483a-b2a1-f1e591c2f3df_960x322.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rAbp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4165b9a7-4ebb-483a-b2a1-f1e591c2f3df_960x322.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rAbp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4165b9a7-4ebb-483a-b2a1-f1e591c2f3df_960x322.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rAbp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4165b9a7-4ebb-483a-b2a1-f1e591c2f3df_960x322.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rAbp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4165b9a7-4ebb-483a-b2a1-f1e591c2f3df_960x322.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>In the 5th century, Georgia stood at the edge of empires. It was a Christian kingdom in law, though not yet fully in practice. Politically insecure, a king&#8217;s authority depended on kinship, land, and law. It was in this period that the idea of property - known as <em>sakutreba -</em> was introduced into the kingdom for the first time<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a>, with the meaning of &#8220;own-ness&#8221; or &#8220;what is one&#8217;s own&#8221;. Aside from being an integral part of statehood, property is best conceived as the natural extension or continuation of a person, as it was believed in the ancient world, from Egypt and Babylon to Greece and Rome.</p><p>Not coincidentally, the same century saw the emergence of the first Georgian <a href="https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/the-fate-of-the-first-georgian-script">script</a>, providing a means to record, preserve, and stabilize claims that had previously rested on memory and oral customs. Few ideas reshaped societies as deeply as property rights, as an attempt to stabilize control over things through rules rather than force. Like politics itself, rules sought to substitute constant conflict by containing violence.  </p><div class="pullquote"><p>In an <a href="https://www.ambulatin.com/p/to-map-and-be-mapped-in-the-early">article</a> on Early Modern French maps, I show that property is inseparable from how societies represent space: &#8220;Early European maps, such as the Bronze age Saint-B&#233;lec slab from Northwestern France, were most likely cadastral plans for marking land use and ownership.&#8221;</p><p>This logic would later resurface in Georgia in different forms, including the cognitive assumptions behind modern digital <a href="https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/the-hidden-theory-behind-google-maps">mapping</a>.</p></div><p>Professor Besarion Zoidze, a prominent figure in Georgian law, notes that &#8220;the largest number of documents that have been preserved in our archives since ancient times are purchase books&#8221; [1]. These books were records of acquisition: land purchases, transfers of peasants with land, villages changing hands, and confirmations of ownership after disputes. Writing didn&#8217;t enter the picture to explain law, so much as to secure who controlled what.</p><p>According to Georgian historian and linguist Ivane Javakhishvili, there was another term used to refer to property in ancient Georgia: <em>sazepuro</em>. However, it didn&#8217;t express a general concept of property, instead referring specifically to elite holdings [2]. In other words, ownership was initially coded by status.</p><p>This helps explain why Georgian law long tolerated flexible categories. As the Roman senator and jurist Javolenus Priscus warned, <em>omnis definitio in iure civili periculosa est</em>, or &#8220;every definition in civil law is dangerous&#8221;. Precision in a legal sense froze social realities that were still in motion and, in practice, recognition mattered more than definition.</p><p>Alongside elite property, Georgian sources also attest to <em>sataivistao</em> property which were individually acquired possessions gained through personal labor or purchase, which a household member could dispose of freely without consulting others [3]. Emerging by the 4th&#8211;5th centuries and recognized in early legal codes<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a>, <em>sataivistao</em> ownership existed within collective household structures yet subtly undermined them. It allowed property to move with individuals, not just households, which slowly chipped away at the shared feudal household.</p><p>Only later did <em>sakutreba</em> come to encompass all forms of property, including movable and immovable goods, as well as material and immaterial ones, with the latter distinction emerging by the 10th century. Even then, Georgian law acknowledged these categories without fully hardening them into separate legal regimes. From purchase books to personal holdings, Georgian property law managed reality first, and defined it later.</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Sources</strong></p><p><a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2616588">1</a> - &#4321;&#4304;&#4313;&#4323;&#4311;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4330;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4315;&#4312;&#4321;&#4312; &#4308;&#4325;&#4321;&#4313;&#4314;&#4323;&#4310;&#4312;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312; &#4334;&#4304;&#4321;&#4312;&#4304;&#4311;&#4312; &#4328;&#4308;&#4307;&#4304;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4311;-&#4321;&#4304;&#4315;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4320;&#4312;&#4309;&#4312; &#4313;&#4309;&#4314;&#4308;&#4309;&#4304; &#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4307;&#4304; &#4324;&#4320;&#4304;&#4316;&#4306;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4321;&#4304;&#4315;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321; &#4315;&#4312;&#4334;&#4308;&#4307;&#4309;&#4312;&#4311;</p><p><a href="https://www.lari.ge/148-sazogadoeba/547-ra-aris-sakutrebis-cneba-iuridiulad-da-rogor-shegvidzlia-misi-dacva.html">2</a> - &#4320;&#4304; &#4304;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4304;&#4313;&#4323;&#4311;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4330;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304; &#4312;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312;&#4307;&#4312;&#4323;&#4314;&#4304;&#4307; &#4307;&#4304; &#4320;&#4317;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320; &#4328;&#4308;&#4306;&#4309;&#4312;&#4331;&#4314;&#4312;&#4304; &#4315;&#4312;&#4321;&#4312; &#4307;&#4304;&#4330;&#4309;&#4304;?!</p><p>3 - &#4321;&#4304;&#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317;&#4321; &#4312;&#4321;&#4322;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4312;&#4321; &#4316;&#4304;&#4320;&#4313;&#4309;&#4308;&#4309;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;</p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>ex, in The Martyrdom of the Holy Queen Shushanik, the earliest surviving piece of Georgian literature.  </p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>ex, the Law of Bagrat Kurapalates</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Printed in exile]]></title><description><![CDATA[Why Georgian print culture kept starting over]]></description><link>https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/printed-in-exile</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/printed-in-exile</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Adam]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 23 Dec 2025 13:01:51 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XhFq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1362ee5a-a1f9-44eb-a956-04f5f5ed0e97_1080x731.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XhFq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1362ee5a-a1f9-44eb-a956-04f5f5ed0e97_1080x731.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XhFq!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1362ee5a-a1f9-44eb-a956-04f5f5ed0e97_1080x731.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XhFq!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1362ee5a-a1f9-44eb-a956-04f5f5ed0e97_1080x731.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XhFq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1362ee5a-a1f9-44eb-a956-04f5f5ed0e97_1080x731.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XhFq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1362ee5a-a1f9-44eb-a956-04f5f5ed0e97_1080x731.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XhFq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1362ee5a-a1f9-44eb-a956-04f5f5ed0e97_1080x731.heic" width="1080" height="731" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1362ee5a-a1f9-44eb-a956-04f5f5ed0e97_1080x731.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:731,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:99577,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.georgiaphile.com/i/182178184?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1362ee5a-a1f9-44eb-a956-04f5f5ed0e97_1080x731.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XhFq!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1362ee5a-a1f9-44eb-a956-04f5f5ed0e97_1080x731.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XhFq!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1362ee5a-a1f9-44eb-a956-04f5f5ed0e97_1080x731.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XhFq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1362ee5a-a1f9-44eb-a956-04f5f5ed0e97_1080x731.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XhFq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1362ee5a-a1f9-44eb-a956-04f5f5ed0e97_1080x731.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Before Georgia had a printing press, Georgian books existed almost entirely as manuscripts, copied by hand in monastic centers such as Mount Sinai in Egypt and the region around Jerusalem. Yet the first book ever printed in Georgian did not appear in Georgia at all, but in Rome, in 1629. </p><p>As the first-published work by the newly-created Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, or Propaganda Fide, the <em>Dittionario georgiano e italiano</em> was created to help missionaries with the Georgian language and spread Catholicism in non-Catholic countries such as Georgia. It&#8217;s important to note that Georgia has been Christian since the early 4th century and Eastern Orthodox almost continuously, so Propaganda Fide&#8217;s goal was conversion, not support of an existing Catholic church.</p><p>The dictionary itself is more functional than literary. It is divided into three columns: the Georgian word, its Latin transliteration, and the Italian translation. Although early criticism focused on errors supposedly caused by the compilers&#8217; distance from the language, later research suggests a more complex production process. Georgian Ambassador, Nikifor Irbach, appears to have provided the Latin transliterations but was not in Rome for the entire compilation. The Georgian script itself was likely added by linguist Stefano Paolini, while a Greek translator was also involved in preparing the text. This helps explain the inconsistencies<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> in the dictionary, without reducing the book to simple incompetence [1]. </p><p>The initial efforts of the Holy See led to Italian priests studying Georgian and being sent to the Caucasus, with the end result of producing the first book of Georgian grammar. As one article on the origins of Georgian printing notes [2]:</p><blockquote><p>Until the 19th century, these books were the only sources through which Western European scholarly circles became acquainted with the Georgian language. Moreover, through their publication, Georgians sought to break through the hostile Muslim encirclement and to re-establish connections with the Western Christian world.</p></blockquote><p>From the start, Georgian printing took shape outside Georgia, through exile and diplomacy.</p><h4>Kings commissioning type</h4><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhtS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfff7037-a445-4835-878c-f7c5fcc21cd0_1032x818.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhtS!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfff7037-a445-4835-878c-f7c5fcc21cd0_1032x818.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhtS!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfff7037-a445-4835-878c-f7c5fcc21cd0_1032x818.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhtS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfff7037-a445-4835-878c-f7c5fcc21cd0_1032x818.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhtS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfff7037-a445-4835-878c-f7c5fcc21cd0_1032x818.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhtS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfff7037-a445-4835-878c-f7c5fcc21cd0_1032x818.heic" width="1032" height="818" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/dfff7037-a445-4835-878c-f7c5fcc21cd0_1032x818.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:818,&quot;width&quot;:1032,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:136523,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.georgiaphile.com/i/182178184?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfff7037-a445-4835-878c-f7c5fcc21cd0_1032x818.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhtS!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfff7037-a445-4835-878c-f7c5fcc21cd0_1032x818.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhtS!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfff7037-a445-4835-878c-f7c5fcc21cd0_1032x818.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhtS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfff7037-a445-4835-878c-f7c5fcc21cd0_1032x818.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhtS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfff7037-a445-4835-878c-f7c5fcc21cd0_1032x818.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">[Davitni]</figcaption></figure></div><p>The next book in Georgian was a product of exile when, in the 1680s, King Archil of Imereti requested the assistance of intermediaries. This led to renowned Hungarian typographer Nicholas Kis being commissioned to make Georgian typefaces out of Amsterdam, which included <a href="https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/the-fate-of-the-first-georgian-script">asomtavruli</a>, nuskhuri, and mkhedruli letters. The result was that in 1705 the first Georgian book of Psalms - the &#8220;Davitni&#8221;, or Psalms of David - was printed in Russia [3]. </p><p>A mere few years later, in 1708-09, through the efforts of King Vakhtang VI of Kartli, it was finally possible to create the first publishing house in the country. The needed technical equipment was brought in, via Bulgaria, thanks to printers Mihai Ishtvanovich and Antim Iverieli. One of the first books published in &#8220;Vakhtang&#8217;s Printing Press&#8221; was the 12th-century epic poem The Knight in the Panther&#8217;s Skin (<em>Vep&#8217;khistkaosani</em>) by Shota Rustaveli. In all, 19 books - mostly religious - were the first to be published not only in the Georgian language but in Georgia itself, that is, until the Turkish invasion of 1722 put a halt to things. </p><p>It wasn&#8217;t until 1749 that, through King Heraclius II, the printing press could be restarted but, by 1795, it was destroyed along with the entire city of Tbilisi due to the Persian invasion. This on again, off again relationship with printing, in Georgia and by Georgians, was due to the dozens of invasions and major campaigns by foreign armies, over several centuries. </p><p>Georgian print culture was both resilient and fragile, emerging in bursts rather than as a continuous tradition. Read together, these episodes explain why Georgian literary life remained manuscript-heavy long after the printing press had transformed Europe. Printing failed because each attempt was shaped by exile, invasion, and interruption. Yet the repeated return to printing speaks to a persistent determination to preserve language, assert political agency, and anchor cultural life in a written tradition of their own. </p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Sources</strong></p><p><a href="https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/322849/1/Saqartvelos_Biblioteka_2020_N1.PDF">1</a> - Saqartvelos Biblioteka 2020 (pg 14)</p><p><a href="https://geofl.ge/lego/textView.php?textMain=&#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;%20&#4314;&#4312;&#4322;&#4308;&#4320;&#4304;&#4322;&#4323;&#4320;&#4304;&amp;text=literaturaText/&#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;%20&#4305;&#4308;&#4333;&#4307;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312;%20&#4332;&#4312;&#4306;&#4316;&#4312;&#4321;%20&#4321;&#4304;&#4311;&#4304;&#4309;&#4308;&#4308;&#4305;&#4311;&#4304;&#4316;&amp;parentID=47">2</a> - &#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4305;&#4308;&#4333;&#4307;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312; &#4332;&#4312;&#4306;&#4316;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4304;&#4311;&#4304;&#4309;&#4308;&#4308;&#4305;&#4311;&#4304;&#4316;</p><p><a href="https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/23869/Meskhi_George_Dissertation.pdf%3Bjsessionid%3DE2870C368383ACB34FCCBF89B4D74C55?sequence=3">3</a> - From Soviet to European Copyright: The Challenges of Harmonizing the Copyright Legislations of Post-Soviet Non-EU States with the European Copyright Law (Georgian Case)</p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>47 Greek words appear in the Georgian column of the dictionary</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The fate of the first Georgian script]]></title><description><![CDATA[Asomtavruli's origins, form, and decline]]></description><link>https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/the-fate-of-the-first-georgian-script</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/the-fate-of-the-first-georgian-script</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Adam]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 13:02:40 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2HzJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbeba70a3-010e-4eca-af7d-4f6363812d1c_2000x1608.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2HzJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbeba70a3-010e-4eca-af7d-4f6363812d1c_2000x1608.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2HzJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbeba70a3-010e-4eca-af7d-4f6363812d1c_2000x1608.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2HzJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbeba70a3-010e-4eca-af7d-4f6363812d1c_2000x1608.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2HzJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbeba70a3-010e-4eca-af7d-4f6363812d1c_2000x1608.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2HzJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbeba70a3-010e-4eca-af7d-4f6363812d1c_2000x1608.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2HzJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbeba70a3-010e-4eca-af7d-4f6363812d1c_2000x1608.heic" width="1456" height="1171" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/beba70a3-010e-4eca-af7d-4f6363812d1c_2000x1608.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1171,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:386140,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.georgiaphile.com/i/182005718?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbeba70a3-010e-4eca-af7d-4f6363812d1c_2000x1608.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2HzJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbeba70a3-010e-4eca-af7d-4f6363812d1c_2000x1608.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2HzJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbeba70a3-010e-4eca-af7d-4f6363812d1c_2000x1608.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2HzJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbeba70a3-010e-4eca-af7d-4f6363812d1c_2000x1608.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2HzJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbeba70a3-010e-4eca-af7d-4f6363812d1c_2000x1608.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><blockquote><p>When was the Georgian alphabet created, and what gave impetus to its creation? These questions have long concerned Georgian society, because the Georgian alphabet itself represents one of the main pillars of Georgia&#8217;s statehood and its cultural heritage. Georgian writing played a crucial role in the unification of the Georgian people and in the formation of a single state [1].</p></blockquote><p>Asomtavruli, meaning &#8220;capital letters&#8221;, is the oldest of the three Georgian scripts and goes back to at least the early 5th century. It was created with only one case (ie, no lowercase) since carving onto stone and clay were the only forms of preservation at a time when authority mattered and literacy was limited. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jR5Q!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a90d235-8376-470b-8bb2-afc4b20b69bd_2000x1288.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jR5Q!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a90d235-8376-470b-8bb2-afc4b20b69bd_2000x1288.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jR5Q!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a90d235-8376-470b-8bb2-afc4b20b69bd_2000x1288.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jR5Q!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a90d235-8376-470b-8bb2-afc4b20b69bd_2000x1288.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jR5Q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a90d235-8376-470b-8bb2-afc4b20b69bd_2000x1288.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jR5Q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a90d235-8376-470b-8bb2-afc4b20b69bd_2000x1288.heic" width="1456" height="938" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0a90d235-8376-470b-8bb2-afc4b20b69bd_2000x1288.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:938,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:263565,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.georgiaphile.com/i/182005718?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a90d235-8376-470b-8bb2-afc4b20b69bd_2000x1288.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jR5Q!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a90d235-8376-470b-8bb2-afc4b20b69bd_2000x1288.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jR5Q!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a90d235-8376-470b-8bb2-afc4b20b69bd_2000x1288.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jR5Q!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a90d235-8376-470b-8bb2-afc4b20b69bd_2000x1288.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jR5Q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a90d235-8376-470b-8bb2-afc4b20b69bd_2000x1288.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>When the Caucasian Iberia<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> was Christianized in the 4th century under King Mirian III, the Georgian script likely emerged along with it. Some scholars argue that writing in the region may have existed earlier, in the pre-Christian era, based on mentions in Greek and Roman sources and analyses of Asomtavruli letter forms [2]. Its use was initially for translation purposes, when monks converted the Bible into Georgian. </p><p>Because parchment was scarce and costly, early Georgian manuscripts were frequently reused. Even though the first Georgian texts were &#8220;serious&#8221; theological works, monasteries still removed older writings to make room for new ones. Earlier translations might be replaced by outdated versions or simply sacrificed to meet the immediate need for copying new texts. </p><p>The oldest layers of Georgian writing survive mainly as palimpsests<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a>, not because they were unimportant, but because they were written early enough to be overwritten later. The earlier writing isn&#8217;t truly gone, as it survives faintly underneath and can sometimes be recovered with careful study or modern imaging. These palimpsests - preserve archaic editions of the Holy Scriptures, Christian liturgy, hagiography, and hymnography - are the oldest evidence of Georgian writing and language, dating back to the 5th-6th centuries [1]. </p><div class="pullquote"><p>Note: Armenians sometimes claim that linguist Mesrop Mashtots invented a script for the Georgians and the Caucasian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_language">Albanians</a> as well as for themselves, but there is only corroborating evidence for Armenian.</p></div><h4>Features of Asomtavruli</h4><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fhMy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc66313a9-47fd-4266-8f93-b19fb70bef74_1800x440.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fhMy!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc66313a9-47fd-4266-8f93-b19fb70bef74_1800x440.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fhMy!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc66313a9-47fd-4266-8f93-b19fb70bef74_1800x440.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fhMy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc66313a9-47fd-4266-8f93-b19fb70bef74_1800x440.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fhMy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc66313a9-47fd-4266-8f93-b19fb70bef74_1800x440.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fhMy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc66313a9-47fd-4266-8f93-b19fb70bef74_1800x440.heic" width="1456" height="356" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c66313a9-47fd-4266-8f93-b19fb70bef74_1800x440.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:356,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:54029,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.georgiaphile.com/i/182005718?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc66313a9-47fd-4266-8f93-b19fb70bef74_1800x440.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fhMy!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc66313a9-47fd-4266-8f93-b19fb70bef74_1800x440.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fhMy!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc66313a9-47fd-4266-8f93-b19fb70bef74_1800x440.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fhMy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc66313a9-47fd-4266-8f93-b19fb70bef74_1800x440.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fhMy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc66313a9-47fd-4266-8f93-b19fb70bef74_1800x440.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Asomtavruli is immediately recognizable by its large geometric characters. Its letters are round in overall shape<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a> and written at a uniform height, giving the script an all-caps appearance. Straight strokes are either horizontal or vertical and meet at right angles, making the script feel orderly and architectural. </p><p>This uniformity began to relax from the 7th century, when some letter shapes started to change. The equal height of the letters was gradually abandoned as ascenders and descenders<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a> appeared. This change broke the rigid uniform manner of the script and made writing faster and more efficient, making way for later Georgian scripts.</p><p>Asomtavruli was used to inscribe monuments and manuscripts from the 5th to the 10th centuries. From the 9th century onward, the angular Nuskhuri (lowercase) script developed alongside it and increasingly became the dominant writing form for manuscripts [3]. As this happened, Asomtavruli took on a more specialized role. In texts written in Nuskhuri, it was reserved for titles, headings, and initial letters, where its large, formal shapes served a decorative and emphatic function (often being illuminated or highlighted with red ink).</p><p>Although its everyday use declined, Asomtavruli didn&#8217;t disappear. Monuments continued to be written in this script up until the 18th century, at which point it became even more ornamental. By then, Asomtavruli took on the role of signaling tradition and authority within Georgian written culture. All three of the country&#8217;s scripts are now enshrined as UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage, and the Georgian Orthodox Church uses all of them, with its spiritual leader calling on people to use them all, too. In this way, Asomtavruli reminds Georgians that their written language is alive and connects them through culture and faith. </p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Additional information</strong></p><p><a href="https://www.academia.edu/1355678/Werner_Seibt_The_Creation_of_the_Caucasian_Alphabets_as_Phenomenon_of_Cultural_History">1</a> - The Creation of the Caucasian Alphabets as Phenomenon of Cultural History</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Sources</strong></p><p><a href="https://www.iveriisa.ge/uploads/files/memkvidreoba-ka.pdf">1</a> - V&#8211;XIX &#4321;&#4304;&#4323;&#4313;&#4323;&#4316;&#4308;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4334;&#4308;&#4314;&#4316;&#4304;&#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312; &#4315;&#4308;&#4315;&#4313;&#4309;&#4312;&#4307;&#4320;&#4308;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304; (plus a truncated English <a href="https://www.iveriisa.ge/uploads/files/manucripts.pdf">version</a>)</p><p><a href="https://georgia.travel/why-georgia-a-unique-alphabet">2</a> - Georgian Unique Alphabet</p><p><a href="https://www.bl.uk/stories/blogs/posts/the-three-lives-of-the-georgian-alphabet">3</a> - The three lives of the Georgian alphabet</p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>a Greco-Roman exonym for the Georgian kingdom of Kartli</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>a manuscript page where the original text was scraped or washed off so the material could be reused</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>thus why it&#8217;s also known as Mrgvlovani, which means &#8220;rounded&#8221;</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>strokes rising above (like b, d, h in Latin) or falling below (like p, q, y) the main body line</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[პირველი ქართული დამწერლობის ბედი ]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#4304;&#4321;&#4317;&#4315;&#4311;&#4304;&#4309;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321; &#4332;&#4304;&#4320;&#4315;&#4317;&#4328;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304;, &#4324;&#4317;&#4320;&#4315;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4306;&#4304;&#4325;&#4320;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304;]]></description><link>https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/b43</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/b43</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Adam]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 06:40:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure 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stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#4320;&#4317;&#4307;&#4308;&#4321;&#4304;&#4330; &#4313;&#4304;&#4309;&#4313;&#4304;&#4321;&#4312;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312; &#4312;&#4305;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312;&#4304; IV &#4321;&#4304;&#4323;&#4313;&#4323;&#4316;&#4308;&#4328;&#4312; &#4315;&#4308;&#4324;&#4308; &#4315;&#4312;&#4320;&#4312;&#4304;&#4316; III-&#4312;&#4321; &#4307;&#4320;&#4317;&#4321; &#4325;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321;&#4322;&#4312;&#4304;&#4316;&#4307;&#4304;, &#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4307;&#4304;&#4315;&#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4314;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304; &#4321;&#4304;&#4309;&#4304;&#4320;&#4304;&#4323;&#4307;&#4317;&#4307; &#4315;&#4304;&#4321;&#4311;&#4304;&#4316; 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&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4314;&#4312;&#4310;&#4312; [2]. &#4311;&#4304;&#4309;&#4307;&#4304;&#4318;&#4312;&#4320;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4304;&#4307; &#4312;&#4306;&#4312; &#4306;&#4304;&#4315;&#4317;&#4312;&#4327;&#4308;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4317;&#4307;&#4304; &#4311;&#4304;&#4320;&#4306;&#4315;&#4316;&#4312;&#4321;&#4311;&#4309;&#4312;&#4321;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4330;&#4304; &#4305;&#4308;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4315;&#4304; &#4305;&#4312;&#4305;&#4314;&#4312;&#4304; &#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314;&#4304;&#4307; &#4311;&#4304;&#4320;&#4306;&#4315;&#4316;&#4308;&#4321;.</p><p>&#4318;&#4308;&#4320;&#4306;&#4304;&#4315;&#4308;&#4316;&#4322;&#4312; &#4312;&#4328;&#4309;&#4312;&#4304;&#4311;&#4312; &#4307;&#4304; &#4331;&#4309;&#4312;&#4320;&#4312; &#4312;&#4327;&#4317;, &#4304;&#4315;&#4312;&#4322;&#4317;&#4315; &#4304;&#4307;&#4320;&#4308;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4334;&#4308;&#4314;&#4316;&#4304;&#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4334;&#4328;&#4312;&#4320;&#4304;&#4307; &#4334;&#4308;&#4314;&#4304;&#4334;&#4314;&#4304; &#4312;&#4327;&#4308;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4307;&#4316;&#4308;&#4316;. &#4318;&#4312;&#4320;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312; &#4322;&#4308;&#4325;&#4321;&#4322;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4311;&#4308;&#4317;&#4314;&#4317;&#4306;&#4312;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312; &#4312;&#4327;&#4317;, &#4315;&#4304;&#4306;&#4320;&#4304;&#4315; &#4315;&#4317;&#4316;&#4304;&#4321;&#4322;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4328;&#4312; &#4331;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314; &#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321; &#4328;&#4314;&#4312;&#4307;&#4316;&#4308;&#4316; &#4304;&#4334;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321;&#4311;&#4309;&#4312;&#4321; &#4304;&#4307;&#4306;&#4312;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321; &#4307;&#4304;&#4321;&#4304;&#4311;&#4315;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304;&#4307;. &#4331;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312; &#4311;&#4304;&#4320;&#4306;&#4315;&#4304;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4314;&#4317;&#4306;&#4312;&#4323;&#4320;&#4304;&#4307; &#4312;&#4330;&#4309;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4317;&#4307;&#4304; &#4304;&#4316; &#4332;&#4304;&#4328;&#4314;&#4312;&#4314; &#4312;&#4325;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4317;&#4307;&#4304;.</p><p>&#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321; &#4323;&#4331;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4308;&#4321;&#4312; &#4324;&#4308;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4331;&#4312;&#4320;&#4312;&#4311;&#4304;&#4307;&#4304;&#4307; &#4318;&#4304;&#4314;&#4312;&#4315;&#4324;&#4321;&#4308;&#4321;&#4322;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;&#4307;&#4304;&#4304;<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> &#4328;&#4308;&#4315;&#4317;&#4320;&#4329;&#4308;&#4316;&#4312;&#4314;&#4312;, &#4304;&#4320;&#4304; &#4323;&#4315;&#4316;&#4312;&#4328;&#4309;&#4316;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4306;&#4304;&#4315;&#4317;, &#4304;&#4320;&#4304;&#4315;&#4308;&#4307; &#4312;&#4315;&#4312;&#4322;&#4317;&#4315;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315; &#4304;&#4307;&#4320;&#4308; &#4312;&#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4317;&#4307;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4315;&#4308;&#4320;&#4308; &#4306;&#4304;&#4307;&#4304;&#4312;&#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4317;&#4307;&#4304;. &#4331;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312; &#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4304; &#4304;&#4320; &#4325;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304; &#4321;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314;&#4304;&#4307; &#8212; &#4329;&#4320;&#4307;&#4312;&#4314;&#4317;&#4309;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4307; &#4320;&#4329;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304; &#4325;&#4309;&#4308;&#4315;&#4317;&#4311; &#4307;&#4304; &#4311;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4315;&#4308;&#4307;&#4320;&#4317;&#4309;&#4308; &#4322;&#4308;&#4325;&#4316;&#4312;&#4313;&#4312;&#4311; &#4304;&#4316; &#4327;&#4323;&#4320;&#4304;&#4307;&#4326;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4311; &#4328;&#4308;&#4321;&#4332;&#4304;&#4309;&#4314;&#4312;&#4311; &#4304;&#4326;&#4307;&#4306;&#4308;&#4316;&#4304;&#4307;&#4312;&#4304;. &#4308;&#4321; &#4318;&#4304;&#4314;&#4312;&#4315;&#4324;&#4321;&#4308;&#4321;&#4322;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4312;&#4316;&#4304;&#4334;&#4304;&#4309;&#4321; &#4332;&#4315;&#4312;&#4316;&#4307;&#4304; &#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321; &#4304;&#4320;&#4325;&#4304;&#4323;&#4314; &#4309;&#4308;&#4320;&#4321;&#4312;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321;, &#4314;&#4312;&#4322;&#4323;&#4320;&#4306;&#4312;&#4304;&#4321;, &#4336;&#4304;&#4306;&#4312;&#4317;&#4306;&#4320;&#4304;&#4324;&#4312;&#4304;&#4321;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4336;&#4312;&#4315;&#4316;&#4317;&#4306;&#4320;&#4304;&#4324;&#4312;&#4304;&#4321; &#8212; &#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4308;&#4316;&#4312;&#4321; &#4323;&#4331;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4308;&#4321; &#4315;&#4322;&#4313;&#4312;&#4330;&#4308;&#4305;&#4323;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321; V-VI &#4321;&#4304;&#4323;&#4313;&#4323;&#4316;&#4308;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4307;&#4304;&#4316; [1].</p><div class="pullquote"><p>&#4328;&#4308;&#4316;&#4312;&#4328;&#4309;&#4316;&#4304;: &#4321;&#4317;&#4315;&#4334;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4310;&#4317;&#4306;&#4335;&#4308;&#4320; &#4304;&#4315;&#4322;&#4313;&#4312;&#4330;&#4308;&#4305;&#4308;&#4316;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315; &#4314;&#4312;&#4316;&#4306;&#4309;&#4312;&#4321;&#4322;&#4312; &#4315;&#4308;&#4321;&#4320;&#4317;&#4318; &#4315;&#4304;&#4328;&#4311;&#4317;&#4330;&#4315;&#4304; &#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4313;&#4304;&#4309;&#4313;&#4304;&#4321;&#4312;&#4323;&#4320;-&#4304;&#4314;&#4305;&#4304;&#4316;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321; &#4306;&#4304;&#4320;&#4307;&#4304; &#4321;&#4317;&#4315;&#4334;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312;&#4330; &#4328;&#4308;&#4325;&#4315;&#4316;&#4304;, &#4315;&#4304;&#4306;&#4320;&#4304;&#4315; &#4307;&#4304;&#4315;&#4304;&#4307;&#4304;&#4321;&#4322;&#4323;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312; &#4315;&#4322;&#4313;&#4312;&#4330;&#4308;&#4305;&#4323;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304; &#4315;&#4334;&#4317;&#4314;&#4317;&#4307; &#4321;&#4317;&#4315;&#4334;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321;&#4311;&#4309;&#4312;&#4321; &#4304;&#4320;&#4321;&#4308;&#4305;&#4317;&#4305;&#4321;.</p></div><h4>&#4304;&#4321;&#4317;&#4315;&#4311;&#4304;&#4309;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321; &#4311;&#4304;&#4309;&#4312;&#4321;&#4308;&#4305;&#4323;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;</h4><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LJ2W!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb1fdd37-56f5-4277-bd98-49c30c29ea10_1456x356.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LJ2W!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb1fdd37-56f5-4277-bd98-49c30c29ea10_1456x356.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LJ2W!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb1fdd37-56f5-4277-bd98-49c30c29ea10_1456x356.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LJ2W!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb1fdd37-56f5-4277-bd98-49c30c29ea10_1456x356.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LJ2W!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb1fdd37-56f5-4277-bd98-49c30c29ea10_1456x356.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LJ2W!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb1fdd37-56f5-4277-bd98-49c30c29ea10_1456x356.heic" width="1456" height="356" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LJ2W!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb1fdd37-56f5-4277-bd98-49c30c29ea10_1456x356.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LJ2W!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb1fdd37-56f5-4277-bd98-49c30c29ea10_1456x356.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LJ2W!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb1fdd37-56f5-4277-bd98-49c30c29ea10_1456x356.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LJ2W!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb1fdd37-56f5-4277-bd98-49c30c29ea10_1456x356.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#4304;&#4321;&#4317;&#4315;&#4311;&#4304;&#4309;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4304;&#4307;&#4309;&#4312;&#4314;&#4304;&#4307; &#4330;&#4316;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304;&#4307;&#4312;&#4304; &#4311;&#4304;&#4309;&#4312;&#4321;&#4312; &#4307;&#4312;&#4307;&#4312; &#4306;&#4308;&#4317;&#4315;&#4308;&#4322;&#4320;&#4312;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4304;&#4321;&#4317;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4311;. &#4304;&#4321;&#4317;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4315;&#4320;&#4306;&#4309;&#4304;&#4314;&#4312; &#4324;&#4317;&#4320;&#4315;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304;&#4304; &#4321;&#4304;&#4308;&#4320;&#4311;&#4317; &#4334;&#4308;&#4307;&#4309;&#4312;&#4311; &#4307;&#4304; &#4308;&#4320;&#4311;&#4312; &#4321;&#4312;&#4315;&#4304;&#4326;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321;, &#4320;&#4304;&#4330; &#4315;&#4304;&#4321; &#4315;&#4311;&#4314;&#4312;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4307; &#4307;&#4312;&#4307;&#4312; &#4304;&#4321;&#4317;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4328;&#4311;&#4304;&#4305;&#4308;&#4333;&#4307;&#4312;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;&#4321; &#4304;&#4331;&#4314;&#4308;&#4309;&#4321;. &#4321;&#4332;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312; &#4334;&#4304;&#4310;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4336;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4310;&#4317;&#4316;&#4322;&#4304;&#4314;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312; &#4304;&#4316; &#4309;&#4308;&#4320;&#4322;&#4312;&#4313;&#4304;&#4314;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4315;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4312; &#4313;&#4323;&#4311;&#4334;&#4312;&#4311; &#4323;&#4308;&#4320;&#4311;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304; &#4308;&#4320;&#4311;&#4315;&#4304;&#4316;&#4308;&#4311;&#4321;, &#4320;&#4304;&#4330; &#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4304;&#4321; &#4332;&#4308;&#4321;&#4320;&#4312;&#4306;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4304;&#4320;&#4325;&#4312;&#4322;&#4308;&#4325;&#4322;&#4323;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4321;&#4312;&#4315;&#4322;&#4313;&#4312;&#4330;&#4312;&#4321; &#4328;&#4308;&#4306;&#4320;&#4331;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;&#4321; &#4304;&#4331;&#4314;&#4308;&#4309;&#4321;.  </p><p>&#4308;&#4321; &#4308;&#4320;&#4311;&#4306;&#4309;&#4304;&#4320;&#4317;&#4309;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304; VII &#4321;&#4304;&#4323;&#4313;&#4323;&#4316;&#4312;&#4307;&#4304;&#4316; &#4307;&#4304;&#4312;&#4332;&#4327;&#4317; &#4328;&#4308;&#4321;&#4323;&#4321;&#4322;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4330;&#4304; &#4310;&#4317;&#4306;&#4312; &#4304;&#4321;&#4317;&#4321; &#4324;&#4317;&#4320;&#4315;&#4304; &#4328;&#4308;&#4312;&#4330;&#4309;&#4304;&#4314;&#4304;. &#4304;&#4321;&#4317;&#4311;&#4304; &#4311;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4305;&#4304;&#4320;&#4312; &#4321;&#4312;&#4315;&#4304;&#4326;&#4314;&#4308; &#4311;&#4304;&#4316;&#4307;&#4304;&#4311;&#4304;&#4316; &#4315;&#4312;&#4322;&#4317;&#4309;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4317;&#4307;&#4304;, &#4306;&#4304;&#4315;&#4317;&#4329;&#4316;&#4307;&#4304; &#4304;&#4326;&#4315;&#4304;&#4309;&#4304;&#4314;&#4312; &#4307;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304;&#4326;&#4315;&#4304;&#4309;&#4304;&#4314;&#4312; &#4308;&#4314;&#4308;&#4315;&#4308;&#4316;&#4322;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a>, &#4320;&#4304;&#4315;&#4304;&#4330; &#4306;&#4304;&#4322;&#4308;&#4334;&#4304; &#4315;&#4313;&#4304;&#4330;&#4320;&#4312; &#4308;&#4320;&#4311;&#4306;&#4309;&#4304;&#4320;&#4317;&#4309;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;, &#4307;&#4304;&#4329;&#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4306;&#4304;&#4304;&#4315;&#4304;&#4320;&#4322;&#4312;&#4309;&#4304; &#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4306;&#4310;&#4304; &#4306;&#4304;&#4323;&#4334;&#4321;&#4316;&#4304; &#4328;&#4308;&#4315;&#4307;&#4306;&#4317;&#4315; &#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314; &#4307;&#4304;&#4315;&#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4314;&#4317;&#4305;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321;.  </p><p>&#4304;&#4321;&#4317;&#4315;&#4311;&#4304;&#4309;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; V-X &#4321;&#4304;&#4323;&#4313;&#4323;&#4316;&#4308;&#4308;&#4305;&#4328;&#4312; &#4306;&#4304;&#4315;&#4317;&#4312;&#4327;&#4308;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4317;&#4307;&#4304; &#4331;&#4308;&#4306;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4334;&#4308;&#4314;&#4316;&#4304;&#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4332;&#4304;&#4320;&#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321;&#4311;&#4309;&#4312;&#4321;. IX &#4321;&#4304;&#4323;&#4313;&#4323;&#4316;&#4312;&#4307;&#4304;&#4316; &#4306;&#4309;&#4308;&#4320;&#4307;&#4312;&#4311; &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4309;&#4312;&#4311;&#4304;&#4320;&#4307;&#4304; &#4313;&#4323;&#4311;&#4334;&#4317;&#4309;&#4304;&#4316;&#4312; &#4316;&#4323;&#4321;&#4334;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312; (&#4315;&#4330;&#4312;&#4320;&#4308; &#4304;&#4321;&#4317;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;) &#4307;&#4304; &#4311;&#4304;&#4316;&#4307;&#4304;&#4311;&#4304;&#4316; &#4306;&#4304;&#4334;&#4307;&#4304; &#4307;&#4317;&#4315;&#4312;&#4316;&#4304;&#4316;&#4322;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312; &#4334;&#4308;&#4314;&#4316;&#4304;&#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321;&#4311;&#4309;&#4312;&#4321; [3]. &#4304;&#4315;&#4312;&#4321; &#4328;&#4308;&#4307;&#4308;&#4306;&#4304;&#4307; &#4304;&#4321;&#4317;&#4315;&#4311;&#4304;&#4309;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4321;&#4318;&#4308;&#4330;&#4312;&#4304;&#4314;&#4312;&#4310;&#4308;&#4305;&#4323;&#4314; &#4320;&#4317;&#4314;&#4328;&#4312; &#4306;&#4304;&#4307;&#4304;&#4309;&#4312;&#4307;&#4304;: &#4316;&#4323;&#4321;&#4334;&#4323;&#4320; &#4322;&#4308;&#4325;&#4321;&#4322;&#4308;&#4305;&#4328;&#4312; &#4312;&#4306;&#4312; &#4312;&#4322;&#4317;&#4309;&#4308;&#4305;&#4317;&#4307;&#4304; &#4321;&#4304;&#4311;&#4304;&#4323;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321;&#4311;&#4309;&#4312;&#4321;, &#4321;&#4304;&#4311;&#4304;&#4323;&#4320;-&#4332;&#4304;&#4320;&#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321;&#4311;&#4309;&#4312;&#4321; &#4307;&#4304; &#4321;&#4304;&#4332;&#4327;&#4312;&#4321;&#4312; &#4304;&#4321;&#4317;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321;&#4311;&#4309;&#4312;&#4321;, &#4321;&#4304;&#4307;&#4304;&#4330; &#4315;&#4312;&#4321;&#4312; &#4307;&#4312;&#4307;&#4312;, &#4324;&#4317;&#4320;&#4315;&#4304;&#4314;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312; &#4324;&#4317;&#4320;&#4315;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4307;&#4308;&#4313;&#4317;&#4320;&#4304;&#4322;&#4312;&#4323;&#4314; &#4307;&#4304; &#4334;&#4304;&#4310;&#4306;&#4304;&#4321;&#4315;&#4323;&#4314; &#4324;&#4323;&#4316;&#4325;&#4330;&#4312;&#4304;&#4321; &#4304;&#4321;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4307;&#4304; (&#4334;&#4328;&#4312;&#4320;&#4304;&#4307; &#4312;&#4314;&#4323;&#4315;&#4312;&#4316;&#4312;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4304;&#4316; &#4332;&#4312;&#4311;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312; &#4315;&#4308;&#4314;&#4316;&#4312;&#4311; &#4306;&#4304;&#4315;&#4317;&#4327;&#4317;&#4324;&#4312;&#4314;&#4312;).  </p><p>&#4315;&#4312;&#4323;&#4334;&#4308;&#4307;&#4304;&#4309;&#4304;&#4307; &#4327;&#4317;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4307;&#4326;&#4312;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312; &#4306;&#4304;&#4315;&#4317;&#4327;&#4308;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4328;&#4308;&#4315;&#4330;&#4312;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304;, &#4304;&#4321;&#4317;&#4315;&#4311;&#4304;&#4309;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4304;&#4320; &#4306;&#4304;&#4325;&#4320;&#4304;. &#4331;&#4308;&#4306;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4315;&#4304;&#4321;&#4328;&#4312; &#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4307;&#4316;&#4308;&#4316; XVIII &#4321;&#4304;&#4323;&#4313;&#4323;&#4316;&#4308;&#4315;&#4307;&#4308;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4330;&#4304; &#4312;&#4306;&#4312; &#4313;&#4312;&#4307;&#4308;&#4309; &#4323;&#4324;&#4320;&#4317; &#4317;&#4320;&#4316;&#4304;&#4315;&#4308;&#4316;&#4322;&#4323;&#4314;&#4304;&#4307; &#4312;&#4325;&#4330;&#4304;. &#4315;&#4304;&#4328;&#4312;&#4316; &#4304;&#4321;&#4317;&#4315;&#4311;&#4304;&#4309;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314; &#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312;&#4314;&#4317;&#4305;&#4312;&#4311; &#4313;&#4323;&#4314;&#4322;&#4323;&#4320;&#4304;&#4328;&#4312; &#4322;&#4320;&#4304;&#4307;&#4312;&#4330;&#4312;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4304;&#4309;&#4322;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4322;&#4308;&#4322;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4312;&#4315;&#4305;&#4317;&#4314;&#4317;&#4307; &#4306;&#4304;&#4307;&#4304;&#4312;&#4325;&#4330;&#4304;. &#4325;&#4309;&#4308;&#4327;&#4316;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4304;&#4315;&#4312;&#4309;&#4308; &#4307;&#4304;&#4315;&#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4314;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304; &#4304;&#4334;&#4314;&#4304; &#4312;&#4323;&#4316;&#4308;&#4321;&#4313;&#4317;&#4321; &#4304;&#4320;&#4304;&#4315;&#4304;&#4322;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312;&#4304;&#4314;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312; &#4313;&#4323;&#4314;&#4322;&#4323;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4315;&#4308;&#4315;&#4313;&#4309;&#4312;&#4307;&#4320;&#4308;&#4317;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4312;&#4304;&#4328;&#4312;&#4304;, &#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4315;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4314;&#4315;&#4304;&#4307;&#4312;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4314;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312; &#4308;&#4313;&#4314;&#4308;&#4321;&#4312;&#4304; &#4327;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4304;&#4321; &#4312;&#4327;&#4308;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321; &#4307;&#4304; &#4315;&#4312;&#4321;&#4312; &#4321;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312; &#4314;&#4312;&#4307;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312; &#4315;&#4317;&#4323;&#4332;&#4317;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321; &#4334;&#4304;&#4314;&#4334;&#4321;&#4304;&#4330; &#4306;&#4304;&#4315;&#4317;&#4312;&#4327;&#4308;&#4316;&#4317;&#4316; &#4327;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4304;. &#4304;&#4315;&#4306;&#4309;&#4304;&#4320;&#4304;&#4307; &#4304;&#4321;&#4317;&#4315;&#4311;&#4304;&#4309;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321; &#4304;&#4334;&#4321;&#4308;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315; &#4315;&#4304;&#4311;&#4312; &#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312;&#4314;&#4317;&#4305;&#4312;&#4311;&#4312; &#4308;&#4316;&#4304; &#4330;&#4317;&#4330;&#4334;&#4304;&#4314;&#4312;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4304;&#4313;&#4304;&#4309;&#4328;&#4312;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321; &#4313;&#4323;&#4314;&#4322;&#4323;&#4320;&#4304;&#4321;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4320;&#4332;&#4315;&#4308;&#4316;&#4304;&#4321;.</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>&#4307;&#4304;&#4315;&#4304;&#4322;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4311;&#4312; &#4312;&#4316;&#4324;&#4317;&#4320;&#4315;&#4304;&#4330;&#4312;&#4304;</strong></p><p><a href="https://www.academia.edu/1355678/Werner_Seibt_The_Creation_of_the_Caucasian_Alphabets_as_Phenomenon_of_Cultural_History">1</a> - The Creation of the Caucasian Alphabets as Phenomenon of Cultural History</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>&#4332;&#4327;&#4304;&#4320;&#4317;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;</strong></p><p><a href="https://www.iveriisa.ge/uploads/files/memkvidreoba-ka.pdf">1</a> - V&#8211;XIX &#4321;&#4304;&#4323;&#4313;&#4323;&#4316;&#4308;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4334;&#4308;&#4314;&#4316;&#4304;&#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312; &#4315;&#4308;&#4315;&#4313;&#4309;&#4312;&#4307;&#4320;&#4308;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304; </p><p><a href="https://georgia.travel/why-georgia-a-unique-alphabet">2</a> - Georgian Unique Alphabet</p><p><a href="https://www.bl.uk/stories/blogs/posts/the-three-lives-of-the-georgian-alphabet">3</a> - The three lives of the Georgian alphabet</p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#4334;&#4308;&#4314;&#4316;&#4304;&#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321; &#4306;&#4309;&#4308;&#4320;&#4307;&#4312;, &#4321;&#4304;&#4307;&#4304;&#4330; &#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4306;&#4312;&#4316;&#4304;&#4314;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312; &#4322;&#4308;&#4325;&#4321;&#4322;&#4312; &#4306;&#4304;&#4334;&#4308;&#4334;&#4308;&#4321; &#4304;&#4316; &#4306;&#4304;&#4320;&#4308;&#4330;&#4334;&#4308;&#4321;, &#4320;&#4304;&#4311;&#4304; &#4315;&#4304;&#4321;&#4304;&#4314;&#4304; &#4334;&#4308;&#4314;&#4304;&#4334;&#4314;&#4304; &#4306;&#4304;&#4315;&#4317;&#4308;&#4327;&#4308;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4316;&#4304;&#4311;</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#4328;&#4322;&#4320;&#4312;&#4334;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4330; &#4304;&#4307;&#4312;&#4321; &#4331;&#4312;&#4320;&#4312;&#4311;&#4304;&#4307;&#4312; &#4321;&#4322;&#4320;&#4312;&#4325;&#4317;&#4316;&#4312;&#4321; &#4310;&#4308;&#4309;&#4312;&#4311; (&#4320;&#4317;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4330;&#4304;&#4304; b, d, h &#4314;&#4304;&#4311;&#4312;&#4316;&#4323;&#4320;&#4328;&#4312;) &#4304;&#4316; &#4308;&#4328;&#4309;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304; &#4325;&#4309;&#4308;&#4309;&#4312;&#4311; (&#4320;&#4317;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4330;&#4304;&#4304; p, q, y)</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Dimitri Uznadze and the Theory of Set]]></title><description><![CDATA[How readiness shapes perception and action]]></description><link>https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/dimitri-uznadze-and-the-theory-of</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/dimitri-uznadze-and-the-theory-of</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Adam]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 19 Dec 2025 13:02:32 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a2cf54f1-e808-4607-862e-82959a495830_266x245.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2WvK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bf679ff-c3e1-4f87-a2c9-fee66d1e40af_270x380.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2WvK!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bf679ff-c3e1-4f87-a2c9-fee66d1e40af_270x380.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2WvK!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bf679ff-c3e1-4f87-a2c9-fee66d1e40af_270x380.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2WvK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bf679ff-c3e1-4f87-a2c9-fee66d1e40af_270x380.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2WvK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bf679ff-c3e1-4f87-a2c9-fee66d1e40af_270x380.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2WvK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bf679ff-c3e1-4f87-a2c9-fee66d1e40af_270x380.heic" width="270" height="380" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2WvK!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bf679ff-c3e1-4f87-a2c9-fee66d1e40af_270x380.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2WvK!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bf679ff-c3e1-4f87-a2c9-fee66d1e40af_270x380.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2WvK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bf679ff-c3e1-4f87-a2c9-fee66d1e40af_270x380.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2WvK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bf679ff-c3e1-4f87-a2c9-fee66d1e40af_270x380.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Born to a peasant family in a small village in Western Georgia, and expelled from Kutaisi high school for taking part in the 1905 revolution, Dimitri Uznadze&#8217;s experience situated him in a world of disrupted authority, unmet needs, and collective tension. Expectation and belief, as he would discover, were drivers of action before conscious reasoning can kick in. </p><p>Beyond psychology, Uznadze also published works in philosophy, education, and history, reflecting his broad intellectual interests. But it was his seminal work on the &#8220;Theory of Attitude&#8221; (or &#8220;Set&#8221;) that went on to gain worldwide recognition in 1939, after an article of his was published in the Dutch scientific journal Acta Psychologica, which was friendly to theoretical and experimental ideas. With it, he argued that behavior is shaped by an unconscious state of readiness, formed by needs and expectations, that influences how we perceive and act. </p><p>The original term in Georgian, used by Uznadze and his followers, is &#8220;&#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4332;&#4327;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304;.&#8221; In Georgian literature, both &#8220;attitude&#8221; and &#8220;set&#8221; can be translated into this same word. In English-language psychology, &#8220;attitude&#8221; usually refers to a stable trait, while Uznadze focused on situational attitudes or &#8220;sets&#8221;, temporary states shaped by current needs and context. </p><p>Uznadze, in his opening paragraph, presents a foundational example to explain why perception isn&#8217;t shaped by raw stimulus [1]:</p><blockquote><p>As is well known, in 1860 Fechner reported an illusion that became known in psychological literature as the weight illusion. It is formulated as follows: &#8220;If a heavy weight is lifted very often, the lifting impulse becomes so ingrained that it still takes effect after 24 hours, with the result that another weight that is lifted appears too light.&#8221;</p></blockquote><p>In the weight illusion there&#8217;s evidence of carryover from prior experience, rather than sensory error on its own. The motor set is the pre-established lifting impulse, or pre-conscious expectation prior to picking up the weight. Uznadze generalizes this and transfers it from weights to everyday perception and action. The difference between readiness and reaction shows that we don&#8217;t meet the world fresh each time. </p><p>Uznadze extends this logic beyond perception. By itself, a need only produces action when a situation makes fulfillment possible. Hunger, for example, doesn&#8217;t automatically generate the impulse to eat unless food is realistically available. Without that context, no psychological set is formed [2].</p><p>At the same time as Uznadze&#8217;s article in Acta Psychologica, mainstream psychology was treating humans as stimulus-response machines (e.g., Skinner). Inner states were either ignored or treated as unscientific, but the Theory of Attitude said something intervenes. Between stimulus and response sits a pre-existing readiness, shaped by past experience, that biases perception and action before awareness. That let psychologists talk about internal structure without abandoning experiment.</p><p>To address the elephant in the room, it&#8217;s important to at least briefly pit Freud&#8217;s approach against Uznadze&#8217;s. The father of psychoanalysis famously put the unconscious at the center of psychology, but mostly through interpretation and clinical stories. Uznadze treated the unconscious as something you could create in an experiment and observe through its effects, without relying on psychoanalysis. While their lives overlapped over many decades, the year that Theory of Attitude was presented was the same year the Freud died, so he never had a chance to critique or comment on it. However, the criticism in the other direction did occur [3]:</p><blockquote><p>Uznadze was ambitious enough to claim that Freud&#8217;s understanding of the unconscious is flawed and the Freudian term unconscious should be replaced by the set.</p></blockquote><p>The reach of the theory extended beyond perception studies. In an article in 1944, Jean Piaget referred to the phenomenon describing the visual field illusion as the &#8220;Uznadze effect&#8221; and drew on it in describing stages of intellectual development, placing Uznadze&#8217;s work within mainstream twentieth-century psychology [4]. It also exists in a middle ground in twentieth-century psychology, since it&#8217;s neither behaviorist nor psychoanalytic. His idea of set is a reminder that perception and action are always shaped in advance, by history as well as stimulus.</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Sources</strong></p><p><a href="https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/S0001-6918(39)90012-0">1</a> - Untersuchungen zur Psychologie der Einstellung (Acta Psychologica, 1939)</p><p><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375609316_Reconsidering_the_Uznadze_Effect_and_psychology_of_set_Gantskoba_from_a_systemic_cultural_psychological_perspective">2</a> - Reconsidering the &#8220;Uznadze Effect&#8221; and Psychology of Set (Gantskoba) From a Systemic Cultural Psychological Perspective</p><p><a href="https://pridontetradze.com/blog/set-psych/">3</a> - Alternate Unconscious: Uznadze&#8217;s Theory of Set (video <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBYW_KiY19A">version</a>)</p><p><a href="http://science.org.ge/old/moambe/175-4/Nadirashvili.pdf">4</a> - Basic Points of the Anthropic Attitude Theory</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[დიმიტრი უზნაძე და განწყობის თეორია]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#4320;&#4317;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320; &#4304;&#4327;&#4304;&#4314;&#4312;&#4305;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321; &#4315;&#4310;&#4304;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304; &#4304;&#4326;&#4325;&#4315;&#4304;&#4321;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4315;&#4317;&#4325;&#4315;&#4308;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;&#4321;]]></description><link>https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/8d1</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/8d1</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Adam]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 19 Dec 2025 13:00:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6957c0c2-5369-4314-b7d8-b69656c9950d_266x245.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" 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&#4321;&#4304;&#4324;&#4323;&#4331;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4310;&#4308; [1]:</p><blockquote><p>&#4320;&#4317;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320;&#4330; &#4330;&#4316;&#4317;&#4305;&#4312;&#4314;&#4312;&#4304;, 1860 &#4332;&#4308;&#4314;&#4321; &#4324;&#4308;&#4329;&#4316;&#4308;&#4320;&#4315;&#4304; &#4304;&#4326;&#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4304; &#4312;&#4314;&#4323;&#4310;&#4312;&#4304;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312;&#4330; &#4324;&#4321;&#4312;&#4325;&#4317;&#4314;&#4317;&#4306;&#4312;&#4323;&#4320; &#4314;&#4312;&#4322;&#4308;&#4320;&#4304;&#4322;&#4323;&#4320;&#4304;&#4328;&#4312; &#4330;&#4316;&#4317;&#4305;&#4312;&#4314;&#4312;&#4304; &#4320;&#4317;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320;&#4330; &#4332;&#4317;&#4316;&#4312;&#4321; &#4312;&#4314;&#4323;&#4310;&#4312;&#4304;. &#4312;&#4306;&#4312; &#4304;&#4321;&#4308; &#4324;&#4317;&#4320;&#4315;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;&#4320;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;: &#8222;&#4311;&#4323; &#4315;&#4331;&#4312;&#4315;&#4308; &#4321;&#4304;&#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4321; 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&#4307;&#4304;&#4308;&#4327;&#4320;&#4307;&#4316;&#4317;, &#4320;&#4312;&#4311;&#4304;&#4330; &#4323;&#4310;&#4316;&#4304;&#4331;&#4312;&#4321; &#4316;&#4304;&#4328;&#4320;&#4317;&#4315;&#4312; &#4315;&#4308;&#4317;&#4330;&#4308; &#4321;&#4304;&#4323;&#4313;&#4323;&#4316;&#4312;&#4321; &#4324;&#4321;&#4312;&#4325;&#4317;&#4314;&#4317;&#4306;&#4312;&#4312;&#4321; &#4331;&#4312;&#4320;&#4312;&#4311;&#4304;&#4307; &#4307;&#4312;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;&#4328;&#4312; &#4329;&#4304;&#4321;&#4309;&#4304; [4]. &#4304;&#4315;&#4304;&#4309;&#4308; &#4307;&#4320;&#4317;&#4321;, &#4312;&#4321; &#4312;&#4313;&#4304;&#4309;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321; &#4328;&#4323;&#4304; &#4318;&#4317;&#4310;&#4312;&#4330;&#4312;&#4304;&#4321; &#4315;&#4308;&#4317;&#4330;&#4308; &#4321;&#4304;&#4323;&#4313;&#4323;&#4316;&#4312;&#4321; &#4324;&#4321;&#4312;&#4325;&#4317;&#4314;&#4317;&#4306;&#4312;&#4304;&#4328;&#4312;, &#4320;&#4304;&#4307;&#4306;&#4304;&#4316; &#4304;&#4320;&#4330; &#4305;&#4312;&#4336;&#4308;&#4309;&#4312;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321;&#4322;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4304;&#4320;&#4330; &#4324;&#4321;&#4312;&#4325;&#4317;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4314;&#4312;&#4322;&#4312;&#4313;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312;. &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4332;&#4327;&#4317;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4312;&#4307;&#4308;&#4304; &#4306;&#4309;&#4304;&#4334;&#4321;&#4308;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315; &#4304;&#4326;&#4325;&#4315;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4315;&#4317;&#4325;&#4315;&#4308;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304; &#4327;&#4317;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4311;&#4309;&#4312;&#4321; &#4332;&#4312;&#4316;&#4304;&#4321;&#4332;&#4304;&#4320; &#4304;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321; &#4324;&#4317;&#4320;&#4315;&#4312;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;, &#4312;&#4321;&#4322;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4312;&#4321; &#4306;&#4304;&#4309;&#4314;&#4308;&#4316;&#4312;&#4311; &#4312;&#4321;&#4308;&#4309;&#4308;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320;&#4330; &#4321;&#4322;&#4312;&#4315;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321; &#4328;&#4308;&#4307;&#4308;&#4306;&#4304;&#4307;.</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>&#4332;&#4327;&#4304;&#4320;&#4317;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;</strong></p><p><a href="https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/S0001-6918(39)90012-0">1</a> - Untersuchungen zur Psychologie der Einstellung (Acta Psychologica, 1939)</p><p><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375609316_Reconsidering_the_Uznadze_Effect_and_psychology_of_set_Gantskoba_from_a_systemic_cultural_psychological_perspective">2</a> - Reconsidering the &#8220;Uznadze Effect&#8221; and Psychology of Set (Gantskoba) From a Systemic Cultural Psychological Perspective</p><p><a href="https://pridontetradze.com/blog/set-psych/">3</a> - Alternate Unconscious: Uznadze&#8217;s Theory of Set (video <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBYW_KiY19A">version</a>)</p><p><a href="http://science.org.ge/old/moambe/175-4/Nadirashvili.pdf">4</a> - Basic Points of the Anthropic Attitude Theory</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Chronos and kairos in conflict]]></title><description><![CDATA[Georgia&#8217;s calendar reform of 1918]]></description><link>https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/lost-days-and-living-time</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/lost-days-and-living-time</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Adam]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 18 Dec 2025 13:00:56 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q8Vg!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff760bbeb-9f1c-42ef-bc06-dce63bc0e4a8_1600x1190.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q8Vg!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff760bbeb-9f1c-42ef-bc06-dce63bc0e4a8_1600x1190.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q8Vg!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff760bbeb-9f1c-42ef-bc06-dce63bc0e4a8_1600x1190.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q8Vg!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff760bbeb-9f1c-42ef-bc06-dce63bc0e4a8_1600x1190.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q8Vg!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff760bbeb-9f1c-42ef-bc06-dce63bc0e4a8_1600x1190.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q8Vg!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff760bbeb-9f1c-42ef-bc06-dce63bc0e4a8_1600x1190.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q8Vg!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff760bbeb-9f1c-42ef-bc06-dce63bc0e4a8_1600x1190.heic" width="1456" height="1083" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f760bbeb-9f1c-42ef-bc06-dce63bc0e4a8_1600x1190.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1083,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:363673,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://georgiaphile.substack.com/i/181799858?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff760bbeb-9f1c-42ef-bc06-dce63bc0e4a8_1600x1190.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q8Vg!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff760bbeb-9f1c-42ef-bc06-dce63bc0e4a8_1600x1190.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q8Vg!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff760bbeb-9f1c-42ef-bc06-dce63bc0e4a8_1600x1190.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q8Vg!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff760bbeb-9f1c-42ef-bc06-dce63bc0e4a8_1600x1190.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q8Vg!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff760bbeb-9f1c-42ef-bc06-dce63bc0e4a8_1600x1190.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">[1884 Georgian calendar: title page and January, 1]</figcaption></figure></div><p>Georgia, like the rest of the Russian Empire, used the Julian calendar until 1918. After the October Revolution, the new Soviet government decreed a switch to the Gregorian calendar<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> in January 1918. Amid the collapse of the imperial administration and broader regional reforms, Georgia adopted the Gregorian calendar the same year for practical reasons, aligning itself with Europe.</p><p>As Georgia declared its independence, the issue of the calendar was also raised in legislative and religious bodies. Kirion, the Catholicos-Patriarch of Georgia, received the following telegram [2]: </p><blockquote><p>On April 13, a law was adopted in the Transcaucasian republics on the introduction of the new system of time reckoning; April 18 is to be recognized as May 1. Easter will be celebrated on May 5 (April 22, Old Style). Accordingly, movable feasts will be shifted forward by 13 days.</p></blockquote><p>As a result of the government switch, dates shifted forward and people experienced &#8220;lost days&#8221;. What the telegram shows is that this effect was compounded by the fact that the Georgian Orthodox Church (GOC) started using a variation of the Julian calendar, keeping it 13 days behind the Gregorian for many fixed dates, leading to different holiday celebrations (like Christmas on Jan 7th) until the year 2100 when the gap increases.</p><p>By 1918, Georgians were already accustomed to calendar change. Older, agriculturally rooted month names - such as <em>Tibatve</em> and <em>Mk&#8217;atatve</em> (literally Months of Mowing and Reaping) - had gradually given way in official and urban use to international month names during the 19th century (such as <em>Dek&#8217;emberi</em> for December<em>)</em>. The switch to the Gregorian calendar just added another layer to an already evolving system of timekeeping. </p><p>The result was parallel systems of time, not a single calendar, and they coexist in Georgia to this day. The Greeks famously distinguished time in two ways: <em>chronos</em> and <em><a href="https://youtu.be/yEXtPP14biE?&amp;t=12">kairos</a></em>. The former is measured and sequential, while the latter is qualitative, sacred, and meaningful. The changes of 1918 disrupted both, yet they also reveal how Georgia has long balanced practical needs with spiritual and cultural continuity.</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Sources</strong></p><p><a href="https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/handle/1234/15428">1</a> - &#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4313;&#4304;&#4314;&#4308;&#4316;&#4307;&#4304;&#4320;&#4312; 1884</p><p><a href="https://hodaara.ge/statiebi/1679-axali-stilis-sakitxi-qartul-martlamadideblur-eklesiasi.html">2</a> - &#4304;&#4334;&#4304;&#4314;&#4312; &#4321;&#4322;&#4312;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4304;&#4313;&#4312;&#4311;&#4334;&#4312; &#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314; &#4315;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4314;&#4304;&#4315;&#4304;&#4307;&#4312;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4314;&#4323;&#4320; &#4308;&#4313;&#4314;&#4308;&#4321;&#4312;&#4304;&#4328;&#4312;</p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Introduced by the Pope in 1582, the Gregorian calendar corrected a gradual drift in the Julian system that had displaced the date of Easter and other feasts over time.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[ქრონოსი და კაიროსი კონფლიქტში]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#4321;&#4304;&#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317;&#4321; &#4313;&#4304;&#4314;&#4308;&#4316;&#4307;&#4304;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4320;&#4308;&#4324;&#4317;&#4320;&#4315;&#4304;, 1918]]></description><link>https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/176</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/176</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Adam]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 18 Dec 2025 13:00:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GxG8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffaf7553d-5cf5-4b64-bcf0-1066c43301e7_1456x1083.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GxG8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffaf7553d-5cf5-4b64-bcf0-1066c43301e7_1456x1083.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GxG8!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffaf7553d-5cf5-4b64-bcf0-1066c43301e7_1456x1083.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GxG8!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffaf7553d-5cf5-4b64-bcf0-1066c43301e7_1456x1083.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GxG8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffaf7553d-5cf5-4b64-bcf0-1066c43301e7_1456x1083.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GxG8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffaf7553d-5cf5-4b64-bcf0-1066c43301e7_1456x1083.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GxG8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffaf7553d-5cf5-4b64-bcf0-1066c43301e7_1456x1083.heic" width="1456" height="1083" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GxG8!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffaf7553d-5cf5-4b64-bcf0-1066c43301e7_1456x1083.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GxG8!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffaf7553d-5cf5-4b64-bcf0-1066c43301e7_1456x1083.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GxG8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffaf7553d-5cf5-4b64-bcf0-1066c43301e7_1456x1083.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GxG8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffaf7553d-5cf5-4b64-bcf0-1066c43301e7_1456x1083.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#4321;&#4304;&#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317;, &#4320;&#4323;&#4321;&#4308;&#4311;&#4312;&#4321; &#4312;&#4315;&#4318;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312;&#4312;&#4321; &#4307;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4320;&#4329;&#4308;&#4316;&#4312; &#4316;&#4304;&#4332;&#4312;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321; &#4315;&#4321;&#4306;&#4304;&#4309;&#4321;&#4304;&#4307;, 1918 &#4332;&#4314;&#4304;&#4315;&#4307;&#4308; &#4312;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;&#4323;&#4321;&#4312;&#4321; &#4313;&#4304;&#4314;&#4308;&#4316;&#4307;&#4304;&#4320;&#4321; &#4312;&#4327;&#4308;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4307;&#4304;. &#4317;&#4325;&#4322;&#4317;&#4315;&#4305;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321; &#4320;&#4308;&#4309;&#4317;&#4314;&#4323;&#4330;&#4312;&#4312;&#4321; &#4328;&#4308;&#4315;&#4307;&#4308;&#4306;, &#4304;&#4334;&#4304;&#4314;&#4315;&#4304; &#4321;&#4304;&#4305;&#4333;&#4317;&#4311;&#4304; &#4315;&#4311;&#4304;&#4309;&#4320;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304;&#4315; 1918 &#4332;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321; &#4312;&#4304;&#4316;&#4309;&#4304;&#4320;&#4328;&#4312; &#4306;&#4320;&#4312;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4304;&#4316;&#4323;&#4314; &#4313;&#4304;&#4314;&#4308;&#4316;&#4307;&#4304;&#4320;&#4310;&#4308;<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> &#4306;&#4304;&#4307;&#4304;&#4321;&#4309;&#4314;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304;&#4304;&#4307;&#4306;&#4312;&#4316;&#4304;1. &#4312;&#4315;&#4318;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4304;&#4307;&#4315;&#4312;&#4316;&#4312;&#4321;&#4322;&#4320;&#4304;&#4330;&#4312;&#4312;&#4321; &#4307;&#4304;&#4328;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4324;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4317; &#4320;&#4308;&#4306;&#4312;&#4317;&#4316;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4320;&#4308;&#4324;&#4317;&#4320;&#4315;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4324;&#4317;&#4316;&#4310;&#4308;, &#4321;&#4304;&#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317;&#4315; &#4312;&#4315;&#4304;&#4309;&#4308; &#4332;&#4308;&#4314;&#4321; &#4318;&#4320;&#4304;&#4325;&#4322;&#4312;&#4313;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4315;&#4312;&#4310;&#4308;&#4310;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4306;&#4304;&#4315;&#4317; &#4315;&#4312;&#4312;&#4326;&#4317; &#4306;&#4320;&#4312;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4304;&#4316;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4313;&#4304;&#4314;&#4308;&#4316;&#4307;&#4304;&#4320;&#4312;, &#4320;&#4312;&#4311;&#4304;&#4330; &#4311;&#4304;&#4309;&#4312; &#4308;&#4309;&#4320;&#4317;&#4318;&#4304;&#4321;&#4311;&#4304;&#4316; &#4306;&#4304;&#4304;&#4311;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4305;&#4320;&#4304;.</p><p>&#4321;&#4304;&#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317;&#4321; &#4307;&#4304;&#4315;&#4317;&#4323;&#4313;&#4312;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4314;&#4317;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4306;&#4304;&#4315;&#4317;&#4330;&#4334;&#4304;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304;&#4321; &#4313;&#4304;&#4314;&#4308;&#4316;&#4307;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4304;&#4313;&#4312;&#4311;&#4334;&#4312; &#4321;&#4304;&#4313;&#4304;&#4316;&#4317;&#4316;&#4315;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4314;&#4317; &#4307;&#4304; &#4321;&#4304;&#4308;&#4313;&#4314;&#4308;&#4321;&#4312;&#4317; &#4317;&#4320;&#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4317;&#4308;&#4305;&#4328;&#4312;&#4330; &#4307;&#4304;&#4312;&#4321;&#4309;&#4304;. &#4321;&#4304;&#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317;&#4321; &#4313;&#4304;&#4311;&#4317;&#4314;&#4312;&#4313;&#4317;&#4321;-&#4318;&#4304;&#4322;&#4320;&#4312;&#4304;&#4320;&#4325;&#4315;&#4304; &#4313;&#4312;&#4320;&#4312;&#4317;&#4316;&#4315;&#4304; &#4315;&#4312;&#4312;&#4326;&#4317; &#4328;&#4308;&#4315;&#4307;&#4308;&#4306;&#4312; &#4322;&#4308;&#4314;&#4308;&#4306;&#4320;&#4304;&#4315;&#4304; [2]:</p><blockquote><p>13 &#4304;&#4318;&#4320;&#4312;&#4314;&#4321; &#4304;&#4315;&#4312;&#4308;&#4320;&#4313;&#4304;&#4309;&#4313;&#4304;&#4321;&#4312;&#4312;&#4321; &#4320;&#4308;&#4321;&#4318;&#4323;&#4305;&#4314;&#4312;&#4313;&#4308;&#4305;&#4328;&#4312; &#4315;&#4312;&#4326;&#4308;&#4305;&#4323;&#4314; &#4312;&#4325;&#4316;&#4304; &#4313;&#4304;&#4316;&#4317;&#4316;&#4312; &#4307;&#4320;&#4317;&#4312;&#4321; &#4304;&#4326;&#4320;&#4312;&#4330;&#4334;&#4309;&#4312;&#4321; &#4304;&#4334;&#4304;&#4314;&#4312; &#4321;&#4312;&#4321;&#4322;&#4308;&#4315;&#4312;&#4321; &#4328;&#4308;&#4315;&#4317;&#4326;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4328;&#4308;&#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4308;&#4305;; 18 &#4304;&#4318;&#4320;&#4312;&#4314;&#4312; &#4306;&#4304;&#4315;&#4317;&#4330;&#4334;&#4304;&#4307;&#4307;&#4308;&#4321; 1 &#4315;&#4304;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304;&#4307;. &#4304;&#4326;&#4307;&#4306;&#4317;&#4315;&#4304; &#4312;&#4310;&#4308;&#4312;&#4315;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304; 5 &#4315;&#4304;&#4312;&#4321;&#4321; (&#4331;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312; &#4321;&#4322;&#4312;&#4314;&#4312;&#4311; 22 &#4304;&#4318;&#4320;&#4312;&#4314;&#4321;). &#4328;&#4308;&#4321;&#4304;&#4305;&#4304;&#4315;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304;&#4307;, &#4315;&#4317;&#4331;&#4320;&#4304;&#4309;&#4312; &#4307;&#4326;&#4308;&#4321;&#4304;&#4321;&#4332;&#4304;&#4323;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; 13 &#4307;&#4326;&#4312;&#4311; &#4306;&#4304;&#4307;&#4304;&#4312;&#4332;&#4308;&#4309;&#4321;.</p></blockquote><p>&#4315;&#4311;&#4304;&#4309;&#4320;&#4317;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4306;&#4304;&#4307;&#4304;&#4332;&#4327;&#4309;&#4308;&#4322;&#4312;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4328;&#4308;&#4307;&#4308;&#4306;&#4304;&#4307; &#4311;&#4304;&#4320;&#4312;&#4326;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4332;&#4312;&#4316; &#4306;&#4304;&#4307;&#4304;&#4312;&#4332;&#4312;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4334;&#4304;&#4314;&#4334;&#4315;&#4304; &#8222;&#4307;&#4304;&#4313;&#4304;&#4320;&#4306;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4307;&#4326;&#4308;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#8220; &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4312;&#4330;&#4304;&#4307;&#4304;. &#4322;&#4308;&#4314;&#4308;&#4306;&#4320;&#4304;&#4315;&#4304; &#4304;&#4329;&#4309;&#4308;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315; &#4308;&#4321; &#4308;&#4324;&#4308;&#4325;&#4322;&#4312; &#4313;&#4312;&#4307;&#4308;&#4309; &#4323;&#4324;&#4320;&#4317; &#4306;&#4304;&#4315;&#4332;&#4309;&#4304;&#4309;&#4307;&#4304; &#4312;&#4315;&#4312;&#4311;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315; &#4321;&#4304;&#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317;&#4321; &#4315;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4314;&#4315;&#4304;&#4307;&#4312;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4308;&#4314;&#4315;&#4304; &#4308;&#4313;&#4314;&#4308;&#4321;&#4312;&#4304;&#4315; (&#4321;&#4315;&#4308;) &#4307;&#4304;&#4312;&#4332;&#4327;&#4317; &#4312;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;&#4323;&#4321;&#4312;&#4321; &#4313;&#4304;&#4314;&#4308;&#4316;&#4307;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321; &#4309;&#4304;&#4320;&#4312;&#4304;&#4330;&#4312;&#4312;&#4321; &#4306;&#4304;&#4315;&#4317;&#4327;&#4308;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;, &#4320;&#4312;&#4321; &#4328;&#4308;&#4307;&#4308;&#4306;&#4304;&#4307;&#4304;&#4330; &#4315;&#4320;&#4304;&#4309;&#4304;&#4314;&#4312; &#4324;&#4312;&#4325;&#4321;&#4312;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4311;&#4304;&#4320;&#4312;&#4326;&#4312;&#4311; &#4312;&#4321; &#4306;&#4320;&#4312;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4304;&#4316;&#4323;&#4314; &#4313;&#4304;&#4314;&#4308;&#4316;&#4307;&#4304;&#4320;&#4321; 13 &#4307;&#4326;&#4312;&#4311; &#4329;&#4304;&#4315;&#4317;&#4320;&#4329;&#4304;, &#4320;&#4304;&#4315;&#4304;&#4330; &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4321;&#4334;&#4309;&#4304;&#4309;&#4308;&#4305;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4307;&#4326;&#4308;&#4321;&#4304;&#4321;&#4332;&#4304;&#4323;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4304;&#4326;&#4316;&#4312;&#4328;&#4309;&#4316;&#4304; &#4306;&#4304;&#4315;&#4317;&#4312;&#4332;&#4309;&#4312;&#4304; (&#4315;&#4304;&#4306;&#4304;&#4314;&#4312;&#4311;&#4304;&#4307;, &#4328;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304; 7 &#4312;&#4304;&#4316;&#4309;&#4304;&#4320;&#4321;) 2100 &#4332;&#4314;&#4304;&#4315;&#4307;&#4308;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4307;&#4308;&#4321;&#4304;&#4330; &#4308;&#4321; &#4321;&#4334;&#4309;&#4304;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304; &#4306;&#4304;&#4312;&#4310;&#4320;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;.</p><p>1918 &#4332;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321;&#4311;&#4309;&#4312;&#4321; &#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4323;&#4313;&#4309;&#4308; &#4315;&#4312;&#4329;&#4309;&#4308;&#4323;&#4314;&#4316;&#4312; &#4312;&#4327;&#4309;&#4316;&#4308;&#4316; &#4313;&#4304;&#4314;&#4308;&#4316;&#4307;&#4304;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314; &#4330;&#4309;&#4314;&#4312;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321;. &#4331;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312;, &#4304;&#4306;&#4320;&#4304;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314; &#4330;&#4334;&#4317;&#4309;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;&#4310;&#4308; &#4307;&#4304;&#4324;&#4323;&#4331;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4311;&#4309;&#4308;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4308;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4330;&#4304;&#4304; &#4311;&#4312;&#4305;&#4304;&#4311;&#4309;&#4308; &#4307;&#4304; &#4315;&#4313;&#4304;&#4311;&#4304;&#4311;&#4309;&#4308; (&#4321;&#4312;&#4322;&#4327;&#4309;&#4304;&#4321;&#4312;&#4322;&#4327;&#4309;&#4312;&#4311; &#4311;&#4312;&#4305;&#4309;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4315;&#4313;&#4312;&#4321; &#4311;&#4309;&#4308;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;), &#4315;&#4308;-19 &#4321;&#4304;&#4323;&#4313;&#4323;&#4316;&#4312;&#4321; &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4315;&#4304;&#4309;&#4314;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304;&#4328;&#4312; &#4311;&#4304;&#4316;&#4307;&#4304;&#4311;&#4304;&#4316; &#4328;&#4308;&#4312;&#4330;&#4309;&#4304;&#4314;&#4304; &#4317;&#4324;&#4312;&#4330;&#4312;&#4304;&#4314;&#4323;&#4320; &#4307;&#4304; &#4325;&#4304;&#4314;&#4304;&#4325;&#4323;&#4320; &#4306;&#4304;&#4315;&#4317;&#4327;&#4308;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;&#4328;&#4312; &#4321;&#4304;&#4308;&#4320;&#4311;&#4304;&#4328;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321;&#4317; &#4311;&#4309;&#4308;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4308;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4311; (&#4315;&#4304;&#4306;&#4304;&#4314;&#4312;&#4311;&#4304;&#4307;, &#4307;&#4308;&#4313;&#4308;&#4315;&#4305;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312;). &#4306;&#4320;&#4312;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4304;&#4316;&#4323;&#4314; &#4313;&#4304;&#4314;&#4308;&#4316;&#4307;&#4304;&#4320;&#4310;&#4308; &#4306;&#4304;&#4307;&#4304;&#4321;&#4309;&#4314;&#4304;&#4315; &#4323;&#4313;&#4309;&#4308; &#4330;&#4309;&#4304;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;&#4307; &#4307;&#4320;&#4317;&#4312;&#4321; &#4304;&#4326;&#4320;&#4312;&#4330;&#4334;&#4309;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4312;&#4321;&#4322;&#4308;&#4315;&#4304;&#4321; &#4313;&#4312;&#4307;&#4308;&#4309; &#4308;&#4320;&#4311;&#4312; &#4324;&#4308;&#4316;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304;&#4304;&#4315;&#4304;&#4322;&#4304;.</p><p>&#4328;&#4308;&#4307;&#4308;&#4306;&#4304;&#4307; &#4329;&#4304;&#4315;&#4317;&#4327;&#4304;&#4314;&#4312;&#4305;&#4307;&#4304; &#4307;&#4320;&#4317;&#4312;&#4321; &#4318;&#4304;&#4320;&#4304;&#4314;&#4308;&#4314;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312; &#4321;&#4312;&#4321;&#4322;&#4308;&#4315;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4307;&#4304; &#4304;&#4320;&#4304; &#4308;&#4320;&#4311;&#4312; &#4308;&#4320;&#4311;&#4312;&#4304;&#4316;&#4312; &#4313;&#4304;&#4314;&#4308;&#4316;&#4307;&#4304;&#4320;&#4312;, &#4307;&#4304; &#4312;&#4321;&#4312;&#4316;&#4312; &#4321;&#4304;&#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317;&#4328;&#4312; &#4307;&#4326;&#4308;&#4315;&#4307;&#4308; &#4311;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4304;&#4320;&#4321;&#4308;&#4305;&#4317;&#4305;&#4308;&#4316;. &#4305;&#4308;&#4320;&#4331;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4330;&#4316;&#4317;&#4305;&#4312;&#4314;&#4304;&#4307; &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4321;&#4334;&#4309;&#4304;&#4309;&#4308;&#4305;&#4307;&#4316;&#4308;&#4316; &#4307;&#4320;&#4317;&#4321; &#4317;&#4320; &#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4308;&#4307;: &#4325;&#4320;&#4317;&#4316;&#4317;&#4321;&#4321;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4313;&#4304;&#4312;&#4320;&#4317;&#4321;&#4321;. &#4318;&#4312;&#4320;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312; &#4306;&#4304;&#4310;&#4317;&#4315;&#4309;&#4304;&#4307;&#4312; &#4307;&#4304; &#4311;&#4304;&#4316;&#4315;&#4312;&#4315;&#4307;&#4308;&#4309;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;&#4304;, &#4334;&#4317;&#4314;&#4317; &#4315;&#4308;&#4317;&#4320;&#4308; &#4334;&#4304;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321;&#4334;&#4317;&#4305;&#4320;&#4312;&#4309;&#4312;, &#4321;&#4304;&#4313;&#4320;&#4304;&#4314;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312; &#4307;&#4304; &#4315;&#4316;&#4312;&#4328;&#4309;&#4316;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317;&#4305;&#4312;&#4311; &#4307;&#4304;&#4322;&#4309;&#4312;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;. 1918 &#4332;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321; &#4330;&#4309;&#4314;&#4312;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4308;&#4305;&#4315;&#4304; &#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4309;&#4308; &#4307;&#4304;&#4304;&#4320;&#4326;&#4309;&#4312;&#4304;, &#4311;&#4323;&#4315;&#4330;&#4304; &#4304;&#4315;&#4304;&#4309;&#4308; &#4307;&#4320;&#4317;&#4321; &#4306;&#4304;&#4315;&#4317;&#4304;&#4309;&#4314;&#4312;&#4316;&#4304;, &#4311;&#4323; &#4320;&#4317;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320; &#4323;&#4311;&#4304;&#4309;&#4321;&#4308;&#4305;&#4307;&#4304; &#4321;&#4304;&#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317; &#4307;&#4312;&#4307;&#4312; &#4334;&#4304;&#4316;&#4312;&#4304; &#4318;&#4320;&#4304;&#4325;&#4322;&#4312;&#4313;&#4323;&#4314; &#4321;&#4304;&#4333;&#4312;&#4320;&#4317;&#4308;&#4305;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321; &#4321;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;&#4308;&#4320; &#4307;&#4304; &#4313;&#4323;&#4314;&#4322;&#4323;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314; &#4323;&#4332;&#4327;&#4309;&#4308;&#4322;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304;&#4321;.</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>&#4332;&#4327;&#4304;&#4320;&#4317;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;</strong></p><p><a href="https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/handle/1234/15428">1</a> - &#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4313;&#4304;&#4314;&#4308;&#4316;&#4307;&#4304;&#4320;&#4312; 1884</p><p><a href="https://hodaara.ge/statiebi/1679-axali-stilis-sakitxi-qartul-martlamadideblur-eklesiasi.html">2</a> - &#4304;&#4334;&#4304;&#4314;&#4312; &#4321;&#4322;&#4312;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4304;&#4313;&#4312;&#4311;&#4334;&#4312; &#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314; &#4315;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4314;&#4304;&#4315;&#4304;&#4307;&#4312;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4314;&#4323;&#4320; &#4308;&#4313;&#4314;&#4308;&#4321;&#4312;&#4304;&#4328;&#4312;</p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#4318;&#4304;&#4318;&#4312;&#4321; &#4315;&#4312;&#4308;&#4320; 1582 &#4332;&#4308;&#4314;&#4321; &#4328;&#4308;&#4315;&#4317;&#4326;&#4308;&#4305;&#4323;&#4314;&#4315;&#4304; &#4306;&#4320;&#4312;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4304;&#4316;&#4323;&#4314;&#4315;&#4304; &#4313;&#4304;&#4314;&#4308;&#4316;&#4307;&#4304;&#4320;&#4315;&#4304; &#4306;&#4304;&#4315;&#4317;&#4304;&#4321;&#4332;&#4317;&#4320;&#4304; &#4312;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;&#4323;&#4321;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4312;&#4321;&#4322;&#4308;&#4315;&#4304;&#4328;&#4312; &#4307;&#4304;&#4306;&#4320;&#4317;&#4309;&#4312;&#4314;&#4312; &#4311;&#4304;&#4316;&#4307;&#4304;&#4311;&#4304;&#4316;&#4317;&#4305;&#4312;&#4311;&#4312; &#4330;&#4307;&#4317;&#4315;&#4312;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315;&#4308;&#4314;&#4315;&#4304;&#4330; &#4307;&#4320;&#4317;&#4311;&#4304; &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4315;&#4304;&#4309;&#4314;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304;&#4328;&#4312; &#4304;&#4326;&#4307;&#4306;&#4317;&#4315;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4321;&#4334;&#4309;&#4304; &#4307;&#4326;&#4308;&#4321;&#4304;&#4321;&#4332;&#4304;&#4323;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4311;&#4304;&#4320;&#4312;&#4326;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4306;&#4304;&#4307;&#4304;&#4304;&#4307;&#4306;&#4312;&#4314;&#4304;.</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Another Athens in the East]]></title><description><![CDATA[Gelati and the intellectual ambitions of King David]]></description><link>https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/building-an-academy-for-a-kingdom</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/building-an-academy-for-a-kingdom</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Adam]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 17 Dec 2025 13:01:39 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R7kg!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b5a8913-52d4-4118-8920-e0f038c68d26_1024x683.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R7kg!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b5a8913-52d4-4118-8920-e0f038c68d26_1024x683.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R7kg!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b5a8913-52d4-4118-8920-e0f038c68d26_1024x683.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R7kg!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b5a8913-52d4-4118-8920-e0f038c68d26_1024x683.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R7kg!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b5a8913-52d4-4118-8920-e0f038c68d26_1024x683.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R7kg!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b5a8913-52d4-4118-8920-e0f038c68d26_1024x683.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R7kg!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b5a8913-52d4-4118-8920-e0f038c68d26_1024x683.heic" width="1024" height="683" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9b5a8913-52d4-4118-8920-e0f038c68d26_1024x683.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:683,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:169640,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://georgiaphile.substack.com/i/181685321?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b5a8913-52d4-4118-8920-e0f038c68d26_1024x683.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R7kg!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b5a8913-52d4-4118-8920-e0f038c68d26_1024x683.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R7kg!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b5a8913-52d4-4118-8920-e0f038c68d26_1024x683.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R7kg!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b5a8913-52d4-4118-8920-e0f038c68d26_1024x683.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R7kg!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b5a8913-52d4-4118-8920-e0f038c68d26_1024x683.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="pullquote"><p>&#8220;This is now a foreshadowing of the second Jerusalem in the whole East, a school of all virtue, an academy of instruction, another Athens but much superior to it in divine doctrines,&#8221; wrote the royal chronicler of King David.</p></div><p>The &#8220;Golden Age&#8221; of Georgian culture, which occurred during the reign of King David the Builder and his great-granddaughter Queen Tamar, offered not only stability and growth for the newly unified country, but it resulted in great works of art, architecture, and literature [1].</p><p>At a time when traditional intellectual centers of Eastern Christianity, especially in Syria, were in decline, Georgia moved in the opposite direction. In between driving out the Seljuks (part of the Turko-Persian empire) and sending his children to study languages and literature abroad, he founded academies such as Gelati<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> as a center for science and education [2]. These institutions were designed not only to teach but to conduct research, consciously modeling themselves on the great Byzantine academies of Constantinople. In this way, David the Builder sought to position Georgia as both an intellectual heir to Byzantium and a unifying force within Eastern Christianity [3].</p><div class="pullquote"><p>According to Archpriest Ioseb Gogoladze, the name &#8220;Gelati&#8221; derives from the Greek <em>gen&#275;</em> (&#8220;birth&#8221;), which entered Georgian as <em>genetos</em> and later evolved into <em>gaenati</em>, a term linked to the Nativity of the Mother of God and reflected in the title Kutatel-Gaenateli [4].</p></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1pXL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ba01476-b680-4b6c-9f86-21ea69290f57_750x499.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1pXL!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ba01476-b680-4b6c-9f86-21ea69290f57_750x499.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1pXL!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ba01476-b680-4b6c-9f86-21ea69290f57_750x499.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1pXL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ba01476-b680-4b6c-9f86-21ea69290f57_750x499.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1pXL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ba01476-b680-4b6c-9f86-21ea69290f57_750x499.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1pXL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ba01476-b680-4b6c-9f86-21ea69290f57_750x499.heic" width="750" height="499" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1ba01476-b680-4b6c-9f86-21ea69290f57_750x499.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:499,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:111218,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://georgiaphile.substack.com/i/181685321?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ba01476-b680-4b6c-9f86-21ea69290f57_750x499.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1pXL!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ba01476-b680-4b6c-9f86-21ea69290f57_750x499.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1pXL!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ba01476-b680-4b6c-9f86-21ea69290f57_750x499.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1pXL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ba01476-b680-4b6c-9f86-21ea69290f57_750x499.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1pXL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ba01476-b680-4b6c-9f86-21ea69290f57_750x499.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">[the airy &amp; light-filled monastery]</figcaption></figure></div><p>Gelati wasn&#8217;t just a hub of intellectual pursuits, it was a religious complex and architectural ensemble, as well as one of Georgia&#8217;s first monasteries. The main highlight of the complex is the Church of the Mother of God, which has survived in its original form. The dome painting of the church dates to the 12th century. The church preserves paintings from various periods as well as a 12th-century mosaic, making Gelati a sort of museum of Georgian monumental art.</p><p>Nestled in the hills of Kutaisi, overlooking the Tskaltsitela Valley, it also served as the de-factor center of western Georgia during King David&#8217;s reign. From there, he brought in many Georgian scientists, theologians, philosophers<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a> and scribes who translated classics and compiled manuscript copies<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a>. That said, what Gelati produced wasn&#8217;t so much a body of identifiable works of original thought as it was a transmission and cultivation of knowledge. </p><h4>Modern legacy</h4><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JT77!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa213155a-a390-45cc-9186-4ade803872ad_512x132.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JT77!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa213155a-a390-45cc-9186-4ade803872ad_512x132.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JT77!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa213155a-a390-45cc-9186-4ade803872ad_512x132.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JT77!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa213155a-a390-45cc-9186-4ade803872ad_512x132.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JT77!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa213155a-a390-45cc-9186-4ade803872ad_512x132.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JT77!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa213155a-a390-45cc-9186-4ade803872ad_512x132.heic" width="512" height="132" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a213155a-a390-45cc-9186-4ade803872ad_512x132.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:132,&quot;width&quot;:512,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:23641,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://georgiaphile.substack.com/i/181685321?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa213155a-a390-45cc-9186-4ade803872ad_512x132.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JT77!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa213155a-a390-45cc-9186-4ade803872ad_512x132.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JT77!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa213155a-a390-45cc-9186-4ade803872ad_512x132.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JT77!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa213155a-a390-45cc-9186-4ade803872ad_512x132.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JT77!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa213155a-a390-45cc-9186-4ade803872ad_512x132.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>While King David was saddened at not witnessing the end of construction, the Gelati monastery was so important to him that he was buried there, along with nearly all Georgian kings after him. His dedication was such that the feast day of David the Builder was designated as the opening day of Tbilisi State University, emphasizing that TSU is the heir to Georgia&#8217;s old educational and cultural traditions, and specifically to the Gelati Academy [4]. </p><p>Although medieval academies like Gelati (and its contemporary, Academy of Ikalto) disappeared long before the modern era, their legacy was never fully abandoned. When the Georgian Academy of Sciences was founded in 1941, it also explicitly named these institutions as its intellectual predecessors, framing modern Georgian scholarship as a continuation rather than a rupture [5]. In this sense, Gelati survived less as a building or curriculum than as an idea and teaches us that Georgia can be intellectually self-sustaining and culturally sovereign.</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Sources</strong></p><p><a href="https://gelatirehabilitation.ge/en/history">1</a> - History of Gelati</p><p><a href="https://asfar.org.uk/1700-years-of-the-grapevine-cross-christianity-in-georgia/">2</a> - 1700 Years of the Grapevine Cross: Christianity in Georgia</p><p><a href="https://gelatirehabilitation.ge/en/idea">3</a> - The idea of the Gelati Monastery and Academy</p><p><a href="https://www.dzeglebi.ge/dzeglebi/g/gelati.html">4</a> - &#4306;&#4308;&#4314;&#4304;&#4311;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4304;&#4315;&#4317;&#4316;&#4304;&#4321;&#4322;&#4320;&#4317; &#4313;&#4317;&#4315;&#4318;&#4314;&#4308;&#4325;&#4321;&#4312;</p><p><a href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Societies/Georgian_Academy/">5</a> - The Georgian Academy of Sciences</p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>not to be confused with <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_dei_Gelati">Accademia dei Gelati</a></em> (Bologna, 1588)</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>such as Ioane Petritsi, Arsen Ikaltoeli, Arsen Bulmaisimdze, Petre Gelateli, Evdemon Chkhetidze, Ekvtime Sakhvarelidze, Gideon Lortkipanidze, Anton I, and Zakaria Gabashvili</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>held in the Kutaisi State History Museum</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[აღმოსავლეთის კიდევ ერთი ათენი]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#4306;&#4308;&#4314;&#4304;&#4311;&#4312; &#4307;&#4304; &#4315;&#4308;&#4324;&#4308; &#4307;&#4304;&#4309;&#4312;&#4311;&#4312;&#4321; &#4312;&#4316;&#4322;&#4308;&#4314;&#4308;&#4325;&#4322;&#4323;&#4304;&#4314;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312; &#4304;&#4315;&#4305;&#4312;&#4330;&#4312;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;]]></description><link>https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/a8c</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/a8c</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Adam]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 17 Dec 2025 13:00:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOC0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3723f2ef-705d-45c5-b70c-18788dde40c3_1024x683.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOC0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3723f2ef-705d-45c5-b70c-18788dde40c3_1024x683.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOC0!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3723f2ef-705d-45c5-b70c-18788dde40c3_1024x683.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOC0!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3723f2ef-705d-45c5-b70c-18788dde40c3_1024x683.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOC0!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3723f2ef-705d-45c5-b70c-18788dde40c3_1024x683.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOC0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3723f2ef-705d-45c5-b70c-18788dde40c3_1024x683.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOC0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3723f2ef-705d-45c5-b70c-18788dde40c3_1024x683.heic" width="1024" height="683" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3723f2ef-705d-45c5-b70c-18788dde40c3_1024x683.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:683,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:179816,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.georgiaphile.com/i/181901319?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3723f2ef-705d-45c5-b70c-18788dde40c3_1024x683.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOC0!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3723f2ef-705d-45c5-b70c-18788dde40c3_1024x683.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOC0!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3723f2ef-705d-45c5-b70c-18788dde40c3_1024x683.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOC0!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3723f2ef-705d-45c5-b70c-18788dde40c3_1024x683.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOC0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3723f2ef-705d-45c5-b70c-18788dde40c3_1024x683.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="pullquote"><p>&#8222;&#4308;&#4321; &#4323;&#4313;&#4309;&#4308; &#4315;&#4311;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312; &#4304;&#4326;&#4315;&#4317;&#4321;&#4304;&#4309;&#4314;&#4308;&#4311;&#4312;&#4321; &#4315;&#4308;&#4317;&#4320;&#4308; &#4312;&#4308;&#4320;&#4323;&#4321;&#4304;&#4314;&#4312;&#4315;&#4312;&#4321; &#4332;&#4312;&#4316;&#4304;&#4321;&#4332;&#4304;&#4320;&#4315;&#4308;&#4322;&#4327;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;&#4304; &#8212; &#4327;&#4317;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4306;&#4309;&#4304;&#4320;&#4312; &#4321;&#4304;&#4311;&#4316;&#4317;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4313;&#4317;&#4314;&#4304;, &#4321;&#4332;&#4304;&#4309;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4304;&#4313;&#4304;&#4307;&#4308;&#4315;&#4312;&#4304;, &#4321;&#4334;&#4309;&#4304; &#4304;&#4311;&#4308;&#4316;&#4312;, &#4315;&#4304;&#4306;&#4320;&#4304;&#4315; &#4326;&#4309;&#4311;&#4304;&#4308;&#4305;&#4320;&#4312;&#4309; &#4315;&#4317;&#4331;&#4326;&#4309;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4308;&#4305;&#4328;&#4312; &#4315;&#4304;&#4321;&#4310;&#4308; &#4305;&#4308;&#4309;&#4320;&#4304;&#4307; &#4304;&#4326;&#4315;&#4304;&#4322;&#4308;&#4305;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;,&#8220; - &#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4307;&#4304; &#4315;&#4308;&#4324;&#4308; &#4307;&#4304;&#4309;&#4312;&#4311;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4304;&#4315;&#4308;&#4324;&#4317; &#4315;&#4308;&#4315;&#4304;&#4322;&#4312;&#4304;&#4316;&#4308;.</p></div><p>&#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4313;&#4323;&#4314;&#4322;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321; &#8222;&#4317;&#4325;&#4320;&#4317;&#4321; &#4334;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#8220;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312;&#4330; &#4315;&#4308;&#4324;&#4308; &#4307;&#4304;&#4309;&#4312;&#4311; &#4304;&#4326;&#4315;&#4304;&#4328;&#4308;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4315;&#4312;&#4321;&#4312; &#4328;&#4309;&#4312;&#4314;&#4311;&#4304;&#4328;&#4309;&#4312;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321;, &#4307;&#4308;&#4307;&#4317;&#4324;&#4304;&#4314; &#4311;&#4304;&#4315;&#4304;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321; &#4315;&#4315;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4318;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312;&#4317;&#4307;&#4328;&#4312; &#4307;&#4304;&#4307;&#4306;&#4304;, &#4304;&#4334;&#4314;&#4304;&#4307; &#4306;&#4304;&#4308;&#4320;&#4311;&#4312;&#4304;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4323;&#4314; &#4325;&#4309;&#4308;&#4327;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4321; &#4304;&#4320;&#4304; &#4315;&#4334;&#4317;&#4314;&#4317;&#4307; &#4321;&#4322;&#4304;&#4305;&#4312;&#4314;&#4323;&#4320;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304;&#4321;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4309;&#4312;&#4311;&#4304;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;&#4321; &#4315;&#4317;&#4323;&#4322;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;, &#4304;&#4320;&#4304;&#4315;&#4308;&#4307; &#4334;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317;&#4309;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321;, &#4304;&#4320;&#4325;&#4312;&#4322;&#4308;&#4325;&#4322;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4314;&#4312;&#4322;&#4308;&#4320;&#4304;&#4322;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321; &#4307;&#4312;&#4307; &#4316;&#4312;&#4315;&#4323;&#4328;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321;&#4304;&#4330; &#4332;&#4304;&#4320;&#4315;&#4317;&#4328;&#4317;&#4305;&#4307;&#4304; [1].</p><p>&#4312;&#4315; &#4307;&#4320;&#4317;&#4321;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4307;&#4308;&#4321;&#4304;&#4330; &#4304;&#4326;&#4315;&#4317;&#4321;&#4304;&#4309;&#4314;&#4308;&#4311; &#4325;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321;&#4322;&#4312;&#4304;&#4316;&#4317;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4322;&#4320;&#4304;&#4307;&#4312;&#4330;&#4312;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4312;&#4316;&#4322;&#4308;&#4314;&#4308;&#4325;&#4322;&#4323;&#4304;&#4314;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312; &#4330;&#4308;&#4316;&#4322;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;, &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4321;&#4304;&#4313;&#4323;&#4311;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4311; &#4321;&#4312;&#4320;&#4312;&#4304;&#4328;&#4312;, &#4307;&#4304;&#4326;&#4315;&#4304;&#4321;&#4309;&#4314;&#4304;&#4321; &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4312;&#4330;&#4307;&#4312;&#4307;&#4304;, &#4321;&#4304;&#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317; &#4321;&#4304;&#4318;&#4312;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321;&#4318;&#4312;&#4320;&#4317; &#4315;&#4312;&#4315;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4311; &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4309;&#4312;&#4311;&#4304;&#4320;&#4307;&#4304;. &#4321;&#4308;&#4314;&#4335;&#4323;&#4313;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; (&#4311;&#4323;&#4320;&#4325;&#4323;&#4314;-&#4318;&#4308;&#4320;&#4321;&#4312;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4312;&#4315;&#4318;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312;&#4312;&#4321; &#4316;&#4304;&#4332;&#4312;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321;) &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4307;&#4308;&#4309;&#4316;&#4304;&#4321;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4328;&#4309;&#4312;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4304;&#4310;&#4326;&#4309;&#4304;&#4320;&#4306;&#4304;&#4320;&#4308;&#4311; &#4308;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4314;&#4312;&#4322;&#4308;&#4320;&#4304;&#4322;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321; &#4328;&#4308;&#4321;&#4304;&#4321;&#4332;&#4304;&#4309;&#4314;&#4304;&#4307; &#4306;&#4304;&#4306;&#4310;&#4304;&#4309;&#4316;&#4304;&#4321; &#4328;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321;, &#4307;&#4304;&#4309;&#4312;&#4311;&#4315;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304;&#4304;&#4304;&#4320;&#4321;&#4304; &#4312;&#4321;&#4308;&#4311;&#4312; &#4304;&#4313;&#4304;&#4307;&#4308;&#4315;&#4312;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4330;&#4304;&#4304; &#4306;&#4308;&#4314;&#4304;&#4311;&#4312;<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> [2], &#4315;&#4308;&#4330;&#4316;&#4312;&#4308;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4311;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4330;&#4308;&#4316;&#4322;&#4320;&#4304;&#4307;. &#4308;&#4321; &#4307;&#4304;&#4332;&#4308;&#4321;&#4308;&#4305;&#4323;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4315;&#4334;&#4317;&#4314;&#4317;&#4307; &#4321;&#4332;&#4304;&#4309;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321;&#4311;&#4309;&#4312;&#4321; &#4304;&#4320; &#4312;&#4327;&#4317; &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4313;&#4323;&#4311;&#4309;&#4316;&#4312;&#4314;&#4312;, &#4312;&#4321;&#4312;&#4316;&#4312; &#4313;&#4309;&#4314;&#4308;&#4309;&#4312;&#4311; &#4321;&#4304;&#4325;&#4315;&#4312;&#4304;&#4316;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304;&#4321;&#4304;&#4330; &#4308;&#4332;&#4308;&#4317;&#4307;&#4316;&#4308;&#4316; &#4307;&#4304; &#4328;&#4308;&#4306;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4323;&#4314;&#4304;&#4307; &#4305;&#4304;&#4331;&#4304;&#4309;&#4307;&#4316;&#4308;&#4316; &#4313;&#4317;&#4316;&#4321;&#4322;&#4304;&#4316;&#4322;&#4312;&#4316;&#4317;&#4318;&#4317;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321; &#4307;&#4312;&#4307; &#4305;&#4312;&#4310;&#4304;&#4316;&#4322;&#4312;&#4323;&#4320; &#4304;&#4313;&#4304;&#4307;&#4308;&#4315;&#4312;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321;. &#4304;&#4315; &#4306;&#4310;&#4312;&#4311; &#4307;&#4304;&#4309;&#4312;&#4311; &#4304;&#4326;&#4315;&#4304;&#4328;&#4308;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312; &#4321;&#4304;&#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317;&#4321; &#4332;&#4304;&#4320;&#4315;&#4317;&#4304;&#4329;&#4308;&#4316;&#4307;&#4304; &#4320;&#4317;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320;&#4330; &#4305;&#4312;&#4310;&#4304;&#4316;&#4322;&#4312;&#4312;&#4321; &#4312;&#4316;&#4322;&#4308;&#4314;&#4308;&#4325;&#4322;&#4323;&#4304;&#4314;&#4323;&#4320; &#4315;&#4308;&#4315;&#4313;&#4309;&#4312;&#4307;&#4320;&#4308;&#4321; &#4307;&#4304; &#4304;&#4326;&#4315;&#4317;&#4321;&#4304;&#4309;&#4314;&#4308;&#4311; &#4325;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321;&#4322;&#4312;&#4304;&#4316;&#4317;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4306;&#4304;&#4315;&#4304;&#4308;&#4320;&#4311;&#4312;&#4304;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4308;&#4314; &#4331;&#4304;&#4314;&#4304;&#4321; [3].</p><div class="pullquote"><p>&#4304;&#4320;&#4325;&#4312;&#4318;&#4320;&#4308;&#4321;&#4309;&#4312;&#4322;&#4308;&#4320; &#4312;&#4317;&#4321;&#4308;&#4305; &#4306;&#4317;&#4306;&#4317;&#4314;&#4304;&#4331;&#4312;&#4321; &#4315;&#4312;&#4334;&#4308;&#4307;&#4309;&#4312;&#4311;, &#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4308;&#4314;&#4332;&#4317;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304; &#8222;&#4306;&#4308;&#4314;&#4304;&#4311;&#4312;&#8220; &#4315;&#4317;&#4315;&#4307;&#4312;&#4316;&#4304;&#4320;&#4308;&#4317;&#4305;&#4321; &#4305;&#4308;&#4320;&#4331;&#4316;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4321;&#4312;&#4322;&#4327;&#4309;&#4312;&#4307;&#4304;&#4316; <em>gen&#275;</em> (&#8222;&#4307;&#4304;&#4305;&#4304;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;&#8220;), &#4320;&#4317;&#4315;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312;&#4330; &#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314;&#4328;&#4312; &#4328;&#4308;&#4309;&#4312;&#4307;&#4304; &#4320;&#4317;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320;&#4330; <em>&#4306;&#4308;&#4316;&#4308;&#4322;&#4317;&#4321;</em> &#4307;&#4304; &#4315;&#4317;&#4306;&#4309;&#4312;&#4304;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4311; &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4309;&#4312;&#4311;&#4304;&#4320;&#4307;&#4304; <em>&#4306;&#4304;&#4308;&#4316;&#4304;&#4311;&#4304;&#4307;</em>, &#4322;&#4308;&#4320;&#4315;&#4312;&#4316;&#4304;&#4307;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312;&#4330; &#4307;&#4304;&#4313;&#4304;&#4309;&#4328;&#4312;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;&#4304; &#4326;&#4309;&#4311;&#4312;&#4321;&#4315;&#4328;&#4317;&#4305;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321; &#4328;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304;&#4321;&#4311;&#4304;&#4316; &#4307;&#4304; &#4304;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304; &#4332;&#4317;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;&#4328;&#4312; &#8222;&#4325;&#4323;&#4311;&#4304;&#4311;&#4308;&#4314;-&#4306;&#4304;&#4308;&#4316;&#4304;&#4311;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312;&#8220; [4].</p></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vfrr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3d538ab-c347-4ba3-8596-4e333dac969f_750x499.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vfrr!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3d538ab-c347-4ba3-8596-4e333dac969f_750x499.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vfrr!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3d538ab-c347-4ba3-8596-4e333dac969f_750x499.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vfrr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3d538ab-c347-4ba3-8596-4e333dac969f_750x499.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vfrr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3d538ab-c347-4ba3-8596-4e333dac969f_750x499.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vfrr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3d538ab-c347-4ba3-8596-4e333dac969f_750x499.heic" width="750" height="499" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vfrr!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3d538ab-c347-4ba3-8596-4e333dac969f_750x499.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vfrr!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3d538ab-c347-4ba3-8596-4e333dac969f_750x499.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vfrr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3d538ab-c347-4ba3-8596-4e333dac969f_750x499.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vfrr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3d538ab-c347-4ba3-8596-4e333dac969f_750x499.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft 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&#4324;&#4312;&#4314;&#4317;&#4321;&#4317;&#4324;&#4317;&#4321;&#4315;&#4304;<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a> &#4307;&#4304; &#4315;&#4332;&#4312;&#4306;&#4316;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304;&#4320;&#4315;&#4304;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4330; &#4311;&#4304;&#4320;&#4306;&#4315;&#4316;&#4312;&#4307;&#4316;&#4308;&#4316; &#4313;&#4314;&#4304;&#4321;&#4312;&#4313;&#4323;&#4320; &#4322;&#4308;&#4325;&#4321;&#4322;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321; &#4307;&#4304; &#4304;&#4315;&#4310;&#4304;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4307;&#4316;&#4308;&#4316; &#4334;&#4308;&#4314;&#4316;&#4304;&#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4304;&#4321;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321;<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a>. &#4304;&#4315;&#4307;&#4308;&#4316;&#4304;&#4307;, 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loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#4315;&#4312;&#4323;&#4334;&#4308;&#4307;&#4304;&#4309;&#4304;&#4307; &#4312;&#4315;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315; &#4315;&#4308;&#4324;&#4308; &#4307;&#4304;&#4309;&#4312;&#4311;&#4321; &#4304;&#4320; &#4308;&#4332;&#4312;&#4304; &#4315;&#4328;&#4308;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4314;&#4317;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4307;&#4304;&#4321;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4334;&#4312;&#4314;&#4309;&#4304;, &#4306;&#4308;&#4314;&#4304;&#4311;&#4312;&#4321; &#4315;&#4317;&#4316;&#4304;&#4321;&#4322;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312; &#4315;&#4312;&#4321;&#4311;&#4309;&#4312;&#4321; &#4312;&#4315;&#4307;&#4308;&#4316;&#4304;&#4307; &#4315;&#4316;&#4312;&#4328;&#4309;&#4316;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317;&#4309;&#4304;&#4316;&#4312; &#4312;&#4327;&#4317;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315; &#4312;&#4306;&#4312; &#4321;&#4332;&#4317;&#4320;&#4308;&#4307; &#4312;&#4325; &#4307;&#4304;&#4313;&#4320;&#4331;&#4304;&#4314;&#4308;&#4321; 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&#4323;&#4316;&#4312;&#4309;&#4308;&#4320;&#4321;&#4312;&#4322;&#4308;&#4322;&#4312;&#4321; &#4306;&#4304;&#4334;&#4321;&#4316;&#4312;&#4321; &#4307;&#4326;&#4308;&#4307; &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304;&#4310;&#4326;&#4309;&#4320;&#4304;, &#4320;&#4312;&#4311;&#4304;&#4330; &#4334;&#4304;&#4310;&#4312; &#4306;&#4304;&#4308;&#4321;&#4309;&#4304; &#4312;&#4315;&#4304;&#4321;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315; &#4311;&#4321;&#4323; &#4321;&#4304;&#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317;&#4321; &#4331;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312; &#4321;&#4304;&#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4315;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4311;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4314;&#4317; &#4307;&#4304; &#4313;&#4323;&#4314;&#4322;&#4323;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4322;&#4320;&#4304;&#4307;&#4312;&#4330;&#4312;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321;, &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4321;&#4304;&#4313;&#4323;&#4311;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4311; &#4306;&#4308;&#4314;&#4304;&#4311;&#4312;&#4321; &#4304;&#4313;&#4304;&#4307;&#4308;&#4315;&#4312;&#4312;&#4321;, &#4315;&#4308;&#4315;&#4313;&#4309;&#4312;&#4307;&#4320;&#4308;&#4304; [4].</p><p>&#4315;&#4312;&#4323;&#4334;&#4308;&#4307;&#4304;&#4309;&#4304;&#4307; &#4312;&#4315;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315; &#4328;&#4323;&#4304; &#4321;&#4304;&#4323;&#4313;&#4323;&#4316;&#4308;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4304;&#4313;&#4304;&#4307;&#4308;&#4315;&#4312;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4330; &#4312;&#4327;&#4317; &#4306;&#4308;&#4314;&#4304;&#4311;&#4312; &#4307;&#4304; &#4315;&#4312;&#4321;&#4312; &#4311;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4315;&#4308;&#4307;&#4320;&#4317;&#4309;&#4308; &#4312;&#4327;&#4304;&#4314;&#4311;&#4317;&#4321; &#4304;&#4313;&#4304;&#4307;&#4308;&#4315;&#4312;&#4304;, &#4311;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4315;&#4308;&#4307;&#4320;&#4317;&#4309;&#4308; &#4308;&#4318;&#4317;&#4325;&#4304;&#4315;&#4307;&#4308; &#4307;&#4312;&#4307;&#4312; &#4334;&#4316;&#4312;&#4311; &#4304;&#4307;&#4320;&#4308; &#4306;&#4304;&#4325;&#4320;&#4304;, &#4315;&#4304;&#4311;&#4312; &#4315;&#4308;&#4315;&#4313;&#4309;&#4312;&#4307;&#4320;&#4308;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304; &#4321;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314;&#4304;&#4307; &#4304;&#4320;&#4304;&#4321;&#4317;&#4307;&#4308;&#4321; &#4328;&#4308;&#4332;&#4327;&#4309;&#4308;&#4322;&#4312;&#4314;&#4304;. &#4320;&#4317;&#4307;&#4308;&#4321;&#4304;&#4330; 1941 &#4332;&#4308;&#4314;&#4321; &#4307;&#4304;&#4304;&#4320;&#4321;&#4307;&#4304; &#4321;&#4304;&#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317;&#4321; &#4315;&#4308;&#4330;&#4316;&#4312;&#4308;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;&#4311;&#4304; &#4304;&#4313;&#4304;&#4307;&#4308;&#4315;&#4312;&#4304;, &#4315;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4330; &#4318;&#4312;&#4320;&#4307;&#4304;&#4318;&#4312;&#4320; &#4307;&#4304;&#4304;&#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4308;&#4314;&#4304; &#4308;&#4321; &#4312;&#4316;&#4321;&#4322;&#4312;&#4322;&#4323;&#4322;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4311;&#4304;&#4309;&#4312;&#4321; &#4312;&#4316;&#4322;&#4308;&#4314;&#4308;&#4325;&#4322;&#4323;&#4304;&#4314;&#4323;&#4320; &#4332;&#4312;&#4316;&#4304;&#4318;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;&#4307; &#4307;&#4304; &#4311;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4315;&#4308;&#4307;&#4320;&#4317;&#4309;&#4308; &#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4315;&#4308;&#4330;&#4316;&#4312;&#4308;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304; &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4306;&#4320;&#4331;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304;&#4307; &#4332;&#4304;&#4320;&#4315;&#4317;&#4304;&#4329;&#4312;&#4316;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4304;&#4320;&#4304; &#4332;&#4327;&#4309;&#4308;&#4322;&#4304;&#4307; [5]. &#4304;&#4315; &#4311;&#4309;&#4304;&#4314;&#4321;&#4304;&#4310;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321;&#4312;&#4311;, &#4306;&#4308;&#4314;&#4304;&#4311;&#4312; &#4316;&#4304;&#4313;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;&#4307; &#4328;&#4308;&#4315;&#4317;&#4320;&#4329;&#4304; &#4320;&#4317;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320;&#4330; &#4328;&#4308;&#4316;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304; &#4304;&#4316; &#4321;&#4304;&#4321;&#4332;&#4304;&#4309;&#4314;&#4317; &#4306;&#4308;&#4306;&#4315;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4323;&#4324;&#4320;&#4317; &#4315;&#4308;&#4322;&#4304;&#4307; &#4320;&#4317;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320;&#4330; &#4312;&#4307;&#4308;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4306;&#4309;&#4304;&#4321;&#4332;&#4304;&#4309;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315; &#4321;&#4304;&#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317; &#4328;&#4308;&#4312;&#4331;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304; &#4312;&#4327;&#4317;&#4321; &#4312;&#4316;&#4322;&#4308;&#4314;&#4308;&#4325;&#4322;&#4323;&#4304;&#4314;&#4323;&#4320;&#4304;&#4307; &#4311;&#4309;&#4312;&#4311;&#4313;&#4315;&#4304;&#4320;&#4312; &#4307;&#4304; &#4313;&#4323;&#4314;&#4322;&#4323;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314;&#4304;&#4307; &#4321;&#4323;&#4309;&#4308;&#4320;&#4308;&#4316;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;.</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>&#4332;&#4327;&#4304;&#4320;&#4317;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;</strong></p><p><a href="https://gelatirehabilitation.ge/en/history">1</a> - History of Gelati</p><p><a href="https://asfar.org.uk/1700-years-of-the-grapevine-cross-christianity-in-georgia/">2</a> - 1700 Years of the Grapevine Cross: Christianity in Georgia</p><p><a href="https://gelatirehabilitation.ge/en/idea">3</a> - The idea of the Gelati Monastery and Academy</p><p><a href="https://www.dzeglebi.ge/dzeglebi/g/gelati.html">4</a> - &#4306;&#4308;&#4314;&#4304;&#4311;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4304;&#4315;&#4317;&#4316;&#4304;&#4321;&#4322;&#4320;&#4317; &#4313;&#4317;&#4315;&#4318;&#4314;&#4308;&#4325;&#4321;&#4312;</p><p><a href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Societies/Georgian_Academy/">5</a> - The Georgian Academy of Sciences</p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#4304;&#4320; &#4323;&#4316;&#4307;&#4304; &#4304;&#4306;&#4309;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312;&#4317;&#4321; &#4305;&#4317;&#4314;&#4317;&#4316;&#4312;&#4304;&#4328;&#4312; 1588 &#4332;&#4308;&#4314;&#4321; &#4307;&#4304;&#4304;&#4320;&#4321;&#4308;&#4305;&#4323;&#4314; <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_dei_Gelati">Accademia dei Gelati</a></em>-&#4321;&#4311;&#4304;&#4316;</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#4315;&#4304;&#4306;&#4304;&#4314;&#4312;&#4311;&#4304;&#4307;, &#4312;&#4317;&#4304;&#4316;&#4308; &#4324;&#4308;&#4322;&#4320;&#4312;&#4332;&#4312;, &#4304;&#4320;&#4321;&#4308;&#4316; &#4312;&#4327;&#4304;&#4314;&#4311;&#4317;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312;, &#4304;&#4320;&#4321;&#4308;&#4316; &#4305;&#4323;&#4314;&#4315;&#4304;&#4312;&#4321;&#4312;&#4315;&#4331;&#4308;, &#4318;&#4308;&#4322;&#4320;&#4308; &#4306;&#4308;&#4314;&#4304;&#4311;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312;, &#4308;&#4309;&#4307;&#4308;&#4315;&#4317;&#4316; &#4333;&#4334;&#4308;&#4311;&#4312;&#4331;&#4308;, &#4308;&#4313;&#4309;&#4322;&#4312;&#4315;&#4308; &#4321;&#4304;&#4327;&#4304;&#4309;&#4320;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312;&#4331;&#4308;, &#4306;&#4312;&#4307;&#4308;&#4317;&#4316; &#4314;&#4317;&#4320;&#4311;&#4325;&#4312;&#4324;&#4304;&#4316;&#4312;&#4331;&#4308;, &#4304;&#4316;&#4322;&#4317;&#4316; I &#4307;&#4304; &#4310;&#4304;&#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4312;&#4304; &#4306;&#4304;&#4305;&#4304;&#4328;&#4309;&#4312;&#4314;&#4312;</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#4325;&#4323;&#4311;&#4304;&#4312;&#4321;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4308;&#4314;&#4315;&#4332;&#4312;&#4324;&#4317; &#4312;&#4321;&#4322;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4312;&#4321; &#4315;&#4323;&#4310;&#4308;&#4323;&#4315;&#4328;&#4312; &#4328;&#4308;&#4316;&#4304;&#4334;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Domed-Hall houses of Georgia]]></title><description><![CDATA[A shared architecture of the Caucasus and Asia Minor]]></description><link>https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/the-domed-hall-houses-of-georgia</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/the-domed-hall-houses-of-georgia</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Adam]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 16 Dec 2025 13:03:07 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YV_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5646555-81e5-4fff-b339-d4d407de77f5_1273x1621.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AdY1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f6c36dc-3073-4539-bb1d-f2bc238d5d0a_960x1442.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AdY1!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f6c36dc-3073-4539-bb1d-f2bc238d5d0a_960x1442.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AdY1!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f6c36dc-3073-4539-bb1d-f2bc238d5d0a_960x1442.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AdY1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f6c36dc-3073-4539-bb1d-f2bc238d5d0a_960x1442.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AdY1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f6c36dc-3073-4539-bb1d-f2bc238d5d0a_960x1442.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AdY1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f6c36dc-3073-4539-bb1d-f2bc238d5d0a_960x1442.heic" width="960" height="1442" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1f6c36dc-3073-4539-bb1d-f2bc238d5d0a_960x1442.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1442,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:256076,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://georgiaphile.substack.com/i/181550262?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f6c36dc-3073-4539-bb1d-f2bc238d5d0a_960x1442.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AdY1!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f6c36dc-3073-4539-bb1d-f2bc238d5d0a_960x1442.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AdY1!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f6c36dc-3073-4539-bb1d-f2bc238d5d0a_960x1442.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AdY1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f6c36dc-3073-4539-bb1d-f2bc238d5d0a_960x1442.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AdY1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f6c36dc-3073-4539-bb1d-f2bc238d5d0a_960x1442.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">[Interior of Georgian Darbazi, 3]</figcaption></figure></div><p>Across the Caucasus and Asia Minor, a shared architectural history exists in the form of the darbazi dwelling, going back at least 600 to 800 years, if not millenia. Although it disappeared from Tiflis<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> in the 19th century due to its inability to meet the needs of city living, it used to be widespread in both cities and villages in Kartli, Kakheti, and Samtskhe-Javakheti<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a>, where it was known as <em>darbazuli sakhli </em>[1]<em>.</em></p><p>From the Persian <em>darv&#257;ze</em>, or &#8220;gate/gateway&#8221;, the term typically refers to a large entrance, such as a city gate but in some contexts it can more broadly mean a grand door or entrance. The structure itself reflects a chamber with a stepped, pyramidal wooden dome (known as <em>gvirgvini</em> or &#8220;crown&#8221;) supported by carved pillars. It often includes a central &#8220;mother-pillar&#8221; (<em>dedabodzi</em>) and an open oculus at the top for light and smoke ventilation from the hearth below [2]. The adoption reflects centuries of intense Iranian-Georgian cultural and political contact, especially during the Sasanian and Safavid periods, when parts of Georgia fell under Persian rule or influence. However, the Georgian dedabodzi also preserves, in wood, a very old architectural idea that appears much earlier in stone in Anatolia (ex. G&#246;bekli Tepe) [3].</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YV_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5646555-81e5-4fff-b339-d4d407de77f5_1273x1621.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YV_X!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5646555-81e5-4fff-b339-d4d407de77f5_1273x1621.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YV_X!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5646555-81e5-4fff-b339-d4d407de77f5_1273x1621.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YV_X!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5646555-81e5-4fff-b339-d4d407de77f5_1273x1621.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YV_X!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5646555-81e5-4fff-b339-d4d407de77f5_1273x1621.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YV_X!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5646555-81e5-4fff-b339-d4d407de77f5_1273x1621.heic" width="1273" height="1621" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d5646555-81e5-4fff-b339-d4d407de77f5_1273x1621.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1621,&quot;width&quot;:1273,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:257068,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://georgiaphile.substack.com/i/181550262?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5646555-81e5-4fff-b339-d4d407de77f5_1273x1621.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YV_X!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5646555-81e5-4fff-b339-d4d407de77f5_1273x1621.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YV_X!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5646555-81e5-4fff-b339-d4d407de77f5_1273x1621.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YV_X!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5646555-81e5-4fff-b339-d4d407de77f5_1273x1621.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YV_X!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5646555-81e5-4fff-b339-d4d407de77f5_1273x1621.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The Roman writer Vitruvius, in Book II of his <em>De architectura</em>, in the 1st century BCE, identified proto-darbazi structures in the regional wooden house traditions of the Colchis [4]. These were described<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a> as having an interior-centered space, heavy timber construction and climatic adaption. </p><p>The darbazi form might have influenced the early Christian architecture of Georgia, as the square interior space with a central roof structure draws the eye upward. Early Georgian Christian churches, especially the small, early basilicas and domed churches, reuse the same spatial logic. </p><p>Ethnographic accounts from Georgia note that when families relocated, they did not abandon the symbolic core of the house. The dedabodzi, the hearth, and sometimes the crown or main beams were ritually carried to the new settlement, preserving continuity with ancestors rather than replicating a structure exactly [3]. In that sense, the darbazi was a transferable architectural idea, rather than just a building. Its disappearance from modern cities doesn&#8217;t mean its interior logic, such as its emphasis on structure and meaning, can&#8217;t be carried forward into the future. </p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Additional information</strong></p><p><a href="https://www.instagram.com/vernacular_arch_geo/">1</a> - Vernacular Arch Geo (IG)</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Sources</strong></p><p><a href="https://www.farig.org/images/pdfs/research-architecture-tbilisi.pdf">1</a> - Nineteenth-Century Architecture of Tbilisi as a Reflection of the City&#8217;s Cultural and Social History</p><p><a href="https://georgianencyclopedia.ge/ka/form/3901">2</a> - &#4307;&#4304;&#4320;&#4305;&#4304;&#4310;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4314;&#4312;</p><p><a href="https://www.tbilisiarchitecture.net/origins-of-domed-pillar-houses/">3</a> - &#4307;&#4308;&#4307;&#4304;&#4305;&#4317;&#4331;&#4312;&#4304;&#4316;&#4312; &#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4304;&#4311;&#4304;&#4309;&#4308;&#4308;&#4305;&#4311;&#4304;&#4316; (Origins of Domed Pillar Houses)</p><p><a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/2*.html">4</a> - Marcus Vitruvius Pollio: de Architectura, Book II</p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>the previous name for Tbilisi</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>in Kartli&#8211;Kakheti it was a single-hall type (large, with an entrance corridor) while in Samtskhe&#8211;Javakheti and Trialeti it was a complex or &#8220;modarbazuli&#8221; type where all living and economic spaces (darbazi, oda/room, stable, barn, hayloft, granary, wine cellar, etc.) were arranged horizontally under one roof</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#8220;The woods of the Colchi, in Pontus, furnish such abundance of timber, that they build in the following manner. Two trees are laid level on the earth, right and left, at such distance from each other as will suit the length of the trees which are to cross and connect them. On the extreme ends of these two trees are laid two other trees transversely: the space which the house will inclose is thus marked out. The four sides being thus set out, towers are raised, whose walls consist of trees laid horizontally but kept perpendicularly over each other, the alternate layers yoking the angles. The level interstices which the thickness of the trees alternately leave, is filled in with chips and mud. On a similar principle they form their roofs, except that gradually redu&#173;cing the length of the trees which traverse from angle to angle, they assume a pyramidal form. They are covered with boughs and smeared over with clay; and thus after a rude fashion of vaulting, their quadrilateral roofs are formed.&#8221;</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[ქართული დარბაზული სახლები]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#4306;&#4317;&#4320;&#4306;&#4312;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312; &#4306;&#4323;&#4315;&#4305;&#4304;&#4311;&#4317;&#4309;&#4304;&#4316;&#4312; &#4307;&#4304;&#4320;&#4305;&#4304;&#4310;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;]]></description><link>https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/dfc</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/dfc</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Adam]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 16 Dec 2025 13:00:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Xdhg!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc261505-08a8-495e-bb2b-36b9ae11cc9e_1273x1621.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3ke1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a51e698-9b0c-4021-8e79-01f6c6015084_960x1442.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3ke1!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a51e698-9b0c-4021-8e79-01f6c6015084_960x1442.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3ke1!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a51e698-9b0c-4021-8e79-01f6c6015084_960x1442.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3ke1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a51e698-9b0c-4021-8e79-01f6c6015084_960x1442.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3ke1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a51e698-9b0c-4021-8e79-01f6c6015084_960x1442.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3ke1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a51e698-9b0c-4021-8e79-01f6c6015084_960x1442.heic" width="960" height="1442" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3ke1!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a51e698-9b0c-4021-8e79-01f6c6015084_960x1442.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3ke1!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a51e698-9b0c-4021-8e79-01f6c6015084_960x1442.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3ke1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a51e698-9b0c-4021-8e79-01f6c6015084_960x1442.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3ke1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a51e698-9b0c-4021-8e79-01f6c6015084_960x1442.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div 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stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">[&#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4307;&#4304;&#4320;&#4305;&#4304;&#4310;&#4312;&#4321; &#4312;&#4316;&#4322;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312;, 3]</figcaption></figure></div><p>&#4313;&#4304;&#4309;&#4313;&#4304;&#4321;&#4312;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4315;&#4330;&#4312;&#4320;&#4308; &#4304;&#4310;&#4312;&#4312;&#4321; &#4322;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312;&#4322;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4304;&#4310;&#4308; &#4321;&#4304;&#4308;&#4320;&#4311;&#4317; &#4304;&#4320;&#4325;&#4312;&#4322;&#4308;&#4325;&#4322;&#4323;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; 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&#4320;&#4308;&#4306;&#4312;&#4317;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4328;&#4312;<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a>, &#4321;&#4304;&#4307;&#4304;&#4330; &#4315;&#4304;&#4321; &#4307;&#4304;&#4320;&#4305;&#4304;&#4310;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4314;&#4312; &#4308;&#4320;&#4325;&#4309;&#4304; [1].</p><p>&#4318;&#4308;&#4320;&#4321;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4321;&#4312;&#4322;&#4327;&#4309;&#4312;&#4307;&#4304;&#4316; &#8222;darv&#257;ze&#8220;, &#4304;&#4316;&#4323; &#8222;&#4313;&#4304;&#4320;&#4312;&#4305;&#4333;&#4308;/&#4306;&#4309;&#4312;&#4320;&#4304;&#4305;&#4312;&#8220;, &#4322;&#4308;&#4320;&#4315;&#4312;&#4316;&#4312; &#4329;&#4309;&#4308;&#4323;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4320;&#4312;&#4309; &#4307;&#4312;&#4307;&#4312; &#4328;&#4308;&#4321;&#4304;&#4321;&#4309;&#4314;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321; &#4315;&#4316;&#4312;&#4328;&#4309;&#4316;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304;&#4321; &#4304;&#4322;&#4304;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4330;&#4304;&#4304; &#4325;&#4304;&#4314;&#4304;&#4325;&#4312;&#4321; &#4313;&#4304;&#4320;&#4312;&#4305;&#4333;&#4308;, &#4315;&#4304;&#4306;&#4320;&#4304;&#4315; &#4310;&#4317;&#4306;&#4312;&#4308;&#4320;&#4311; &#4313;&#4317;&#4316;&#4322;&#4308;&#4325;&#4321;&#4322;&#4328;&#4312; &#4324;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4317;&#4307; &#4328;&#4308;&#4312;&#4331;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304; &#4306;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321;&#4334;&#4315;&#4317;&#4305;&#4307;&#4308;&#4321; &#4307;&#4312;&#4307; &#4313;&#4304;&#4320;&#4321; &#4304;&#4316; &#4328;&#4308;&#4321;&#4304;&#4321;&#4309;&#4314;&#4308;&#4314;&#4321;. &#4311;&#4304;&#4309;&#4304;&#4307; &#4328;&#4308;&#4316;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304; &#4332;&#4304;&#4320;&#4315;&#4317;&#4304;&#4307;&#4306;&#4308;&#4316;&#4321; &#4307;&#4304;&#4320;&#4305;&#4304;&#4310;&#4321;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315;&#4308;&#4314;&#4310;&#4308;&#4330; &#4328;&#4308;&#4320;&#4308;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;, &#4318;&#4312;&#1088;&#1072;&#1084;&#4312;&#4307;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4334;&#4312;&#4321; &#4306;&#4323;&#4315;&#4305;&#4304;&#4311;&#4312; (&#4306;&#4309;&#4320;&#4312;&#4306;&#4309;&#4312;&#4316;&#4312; &#4304;&#4316; &#8222;&#4315;&#4317;&#4313;&#4304;&#4314;&#4304;&#4311;&#4312;&#8220;) &#4313;&#4308;&#4316;&#4333;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4311; &#4316;&#4304;&#4325;&#4304;&#4316;&#4307;&#4304;&#4313;&#4304;&#4320;&#4312; &#4305;&#4317;&#4331;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4311;&#4304;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304;&#4315;&#4304;&#4306;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;. &#4334;&#4328;&#4312;&#4320;&#4304;&#4307; &#4315;&#4317;&#4312;&#4330;&#4304;&#4309;&#4321; &#4330;&#4308;&#4316;&#4322;&#4320;&#4304;&#4314;&#4323;&#4320; &#8222;&#4315;&#4304;&#4315;&#4304;-&#4305;&#4317;&#4331;&#4321;&#8220; (&#4307;&#4308;&#4307;&#4304;&#4305;&#4317;&#4331;&#4312;) &#4307;&#4304; &#4326;&#4312;&#4304; &#4317;&#4313;&#4323;&#4314;&#4323;&#4321;&#4321; &#4310;&#4308;&#4315;&#4317;&#4311;, &#4328;&#4312;&#4306;&#4316;&#4312;&#4307;&#4304;&#4316; &#4321;&#4312;&#4316;&#4304;&#4311;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4325;&#4309;&#4308;&#4315;&#4317;&#4311; &#4315;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;&#4320;&#4308; &#4326;&#4323;&#4315;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312;&#4307;&#4304;&#4316; &#4313;&#4309;&#4304;&#4315;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321; &#4306;&#4304;&#4321;&#4304;&#4311;&#4304;&#4309;&#4312;&#4321;&#4323;&#4324;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4314;&#4304;&#4307; [2]. &#4315;&#4312;&#4321;&#4312; &#4306;&#4304;&#4309;&#4320;&#4330;&#4308;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304; &#4312;&#4320;&#4304;&#4316;&#4323;&#4314;-&#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4313;&#4323;&#4314;&#4322;&#4323;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4307;&#4304; &#4318;&#4317;&#4314;&#4312;&#4322;&#4312;&#4313;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312; &#4313;&#4317;&#4316;&#4322;&#4304;&#4325;&#4322;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4315;&#4320;&#4304;&#4309;&#4304;&#4314;&#4321;&#4304;&#4323;&#4313;&#4323;&#4316;&#4317;&#4309;&#4304;&#4316; &#4306;&#4304;&#4309;&#4314;&#4308;&#4316;&#4304;&#4321; &#4304;&#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4304;&#4309;&#4321;, &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4321;&#4304;&#4313;&#4323;&#4311;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4311; &#4321;&#4304;&#4321;&#4304;&#4316;&#4312;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4321;&#4304;&#4324;&#4304;&#4309;&#4312;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4318;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312;&#4317;&#4307;&#4328;&#4312;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4307;&#4308;&#4321;&#4304;&#4330; &#4321;&#4304;&#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317;&#4321; &#4316;&#4304;&#4332;&#4312;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4321;&#4318;&#4304;&#4320;&#4321;&#4308;&#4311;&#4312;&#4321; &#4315;&#4315;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4304;&#4316; &#4306;&#4304;&#4309;&#4314;&#4308;&#4316;&#4312;&#4321; &#4325;&#4309;&#4308;&#4328; &#4312;&#4315;&#4327;&#4317;&#4324;&#4308;&#4305;&#4317;&#4307;&#4304;. &#4311;&#4323;&#4315;&#4330;&#4304;, &#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4307;&#4308;&#4307;&#4304;&#4305;&#4317;&#4331;&#4312; &#4334;&#4312;&#4321; &#4315;&#4304;&#4321;&#4304;&#4314;&#4304;&#4328;&#4312; &#4312;&#4316;&#4304;&#4334;&#4304;&#4309;&#4321; &#4331;&#4304;&#4314;&#4312;&#4304;&#4316; &#4331;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314; &#4304;&#4320;&#4325;&#4312;&#4322;&#4308;&#4325;&#4322;&#4323;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314; &#4312;&#4307;&#4308;&#4304;&#4321;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312;&#4330; &#4306;&#4304;&#4330;&#4312;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4311; &#4304;&#4307;&#4320;&#4308; &#4329;&#4316;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304; &#4325;&#4309;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4334;&#4328;&#4312;&#4320;&#4328;&#4312; &#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4322;&#4317;&#4314;&#4312;&#4304;&#4328;&#4312; (&#4315;&#4304;&#4306;., &#4306;&#4317;&#4305;&#4308;&#4313;&#4314;&#4312; &#4311;&#4308;&#4324;&#4308;) [3].</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Xdhg!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc261505-08a8-495e-bb2b-36b9ae11cc9e_1273x1621.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Xdhg!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc261505-08a8-495e-bb2b-36b9ae11cc9e_1273x1621.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Xdhg!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc261505-08a8-495e-bb2b-36b9ae11cc9e_1273x1621.heic 848w, 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#4320;&#4317;&#4315;&#4304;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312; &#4315;&#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4304;&#4314;&#4312; &#4309;&#4312;&#4322;&#4320;&#4323;&#4309;&#4312;&#4323;&#4321;&#4312;, &#4311;&#4304;&#4309;&#4312;&#4321; &#4316;&#4304;&#4328;&#4320;&#4317;&#4315;&#4328;&#4312; <em>De architectura</em>, II &#4332;&#4312;&#4306;&#4316;&#4328;&#4312;, &#4331;&#4309;.&#4332;. I &#4321;&#4304;&#4323;&#4313;&#4323;&#4316;&#4308;&#4328;&#4312; &#4304;&#4326;&#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4321; &#4318;&#4320;&#4317;&#4322;&#4317;-&#4307;&#4304;&#4320;&#4305;&#4304;&#4310;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4322;&#4320;&#4323;&#4325;&#4322;&#4323;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321; &#4313;&#4317;&#4314;&#4334;&#4308;&#4311;&#4312;&#4321; &#4320;&#4308;&#4306;&#4312;&#4317;&#4316;&#4312;&#4321; &#4334;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4304;&#4330;&#4334;&#4317;&#4309;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312; &#4322;&#4320;&#4304;&#4307;&#4312;&#4330;&#4312;&#4308;&#4305;&#4328;&#4312; [4]. &#4312;&#4321;&#4312;&#4316;&#4312; &#4304;&#4326;&#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312;&#4314;<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a> &#4312;&#4325;&#4316;&#4304; &#4320;&#4317;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320;&#4330; &#4330;&#4308;&#4316;&#4322;&#4320;&#4312;&#4307;&#4304;&#4316;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4312;&#4316;&#4322;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4312;&#4309;&#4320;&#4330;&#4308;, &#4315;&#4331;&#4312;&#4315;&#4308; &#4334;&#4312;&#4321; &#4313;&#4317;&#4316;&#4321;&#4322;&#4320;&#4323;&#4325;&#4330;&#4312;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4313;&#4314;&#4312;&#4315;&#4304;&#4322;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312; &#4304;&#4307;&#4304;&#4318;&#4322;&#4304;&#4330;&#4312;&#4304;.</p><p>&#4307;&#4304;&#4320;&#4305;&#4304;&#4310;&#4312;&#4321; &#4324;&#4317;&#4320;&#4315;&#4304;&#4315; &#4328;&#4308;&#4321;&#4304;&#4331;&#4314;&#4317;&#4304; &#4306;&#4304;&#4309;&#4314;&#4308;&#4316;&#4304; &#4315;&#4317;&#4304;&#4334;&#4307;&#4312;&#4316;&#4304; &#4321;&#4304;&#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317;&#4321; &#4304;&#4307;&#4320;&#4308;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4325;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321;&#4322;&#4312;&#4304;&#4316;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4304;&#4320;&#4325;&#4312;&#4322;&#4308;&#4325;&#4322;&#4323;&#4320;&#4304;&#4310;&#4308;, 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&#4306;&#4304;&#4307;&#4304;&#4307;&#4312;&#4317;&#4307;&#4316;&#4308;&#4316; &#4321;&#4304;&#4330;&#4334;&#4317;&#4309;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4314;&#4304;&#4307;, &#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4312;&#4315;&#4305;&#4317;&#4314;&#4323;&#4320; &#4305;&#4312;&#4320;&#4311;&#4309;&#4321; &#4304;&#4320; &#4322;&#4317;&#4309;&#4308;&#4305;&#4307;&#4316;&#4308;&#4316;. &#4307;&#4308;&#4307;&#4304;&#4305;&#4317;&#4331;&#4312;, &#4326;&#4323;&#4315;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312; &#4307;&#4304; &#4310;&#4317;&#4306;&#4335;&#4308;&#4320; &#4306;&#4309;&#4320;&#4312;&#4306;&#4309;&#4312;&#4316;&#4312; &#4304;&#4316; &#4315;&#4311;&#4304;&#4309;&#4304;&#4320;&#4312; &#4305;&#4317;&#4331;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4320;&#4312;&#4322;&#4323;&#4304;&#4314;&#4323;&#4320;&#4304;&#4307; &#4306;&#4304;&#4307;&#4304;&#4336;&#4327;&#4304;&#4309;&#4307;&#4304;&#4311; &#4304;&#4334;&#4304;&#4314; &#4307;&#4304;&#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;&#4328;&#4312;, &#4312;&#4316;&#4304;&#4320;&#4329;&#4323;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4307;&#4316;&#4308;&#4316; &#4332;&#4312;&#4316;&#4304;&#4318;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4311;&#4304;&#4316; &#4321;&#4325;&#4308;&#4314; &#4313;&#4304;&#4309;&#4328;&#4312;&#4320;&#4321;, &#4306;&#4304;&#4315;&#4308;&#4317;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4316;&#4304;&#4330;&#4309;&#4314;&#4304;&#4307; [3]. &#4304;&#4315; &#4306;&#4304;&#4306;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4311;, &#4307;&#4304;&#4320;&#4305;&#4304;&#4310;&#4312; &#4312;&#4327;&#4317; &#4306;&#4304;&#4307;&#4304;&#4315;&#4322;&#4304;&#4316;&#4312; &#4304;&#4320;&#4325;&#4312;&#4322;&#4308;&#4325;&#4322;&#4323;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4312;&#4307;&#4308;&#4304;, &#4315;&#4334;&#4317;&#4314;&#4317;&#4307; &#4328;&#4308;&#4316;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304; &#4313;&#4312; &#4304;&#4320;&#4304;. &#4315;&#4312;&#4321;&#4312; &#4306;&#4304;&#4325;&#4320;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304; &#4311;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4315;&#4308;&#4307;&#4320;&#4317;&#4309;&#4308; &#4325;&#4304;&#4314;&#4304;&#4325;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4307;&#4304;&#4316; &#4304;&#4320; &#4316;&#4312;&#4328;&#4316;&#4304;&#4309;&#4321;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315; &#4315;&#4312;&#4321;&#4315;&#4304; &#4312;&#4316;&#4322;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321; &#4314;&#4317;&#4306;&#4312;&#4313;&#4304;&#4315;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4330;&#4304;&#4304; &#4321;&#4322;&#4320;&#4323;&#4325;&#4322;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4315;&#4316;&#4312;&#4328;&#4309;&#4316;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4334;&#4304;&#4310;&#4306;&#4304;&#4321;&#4315;&#4304;, &#4309;&#4308;&#4320; &#4306;&#4304;&#4304;&#4306;&#4320;&#4331;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317;&#4321; &#4306;&#4304;&#4309;&#4314;&#4308;&#4316;&#4304; &#4315;&#4317;&#4315;&#4304;&#4309;&#4304;&#4314;&#4328;&#4312;.</p><div><hr></div><p>&#4307;&#4304;&#4315;&#4304;&#4322;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4311;&#4312; &#4312;&#4316;&#4324;&#4317;&#4320;&#4315;&#4304;&#4330;&#4312;&#4304;</p><p><a href="https://www.instagram.com/vernacular_arch_geo/">1</a> - Vernacular Arch Geo (IG)</p><div><hr></div><p>&#4332;&#4327;&#4304;&#4320;&#4317;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;</p><p><a href="https://www.farig.org/images/pdfs/research-architecture-tbilisi.pdf">1</a> - Nineteenth-Century Architecture of Tbilisi as a Reflection of the City&#8217;s Cultural and Social History</p><p><a href="https://georgianencyclopedia.ge/ka/form/3901">2</a> - &#4307;&#4304;&#4320;&#4305;&#4304;&#4310;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4314;&#4312;</p><p><a href="https://www.tbilisiarchitecture.net/origins-of-domed-pillar-houses/">3</a> - &#4307;&#4308;&#4307;&#4304;&#4305;&#4317;&#4331;&#4312;&#4304;&#4316;&#4312; &#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4304;&#4311;&#4304;&#4309;&#4308;&#4308;&#4305;&#4311;&#4304;&#4316; (Origins of Domed Pillar Houses)</p><p><a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/2*.html">4</a> - Marcus Vitruvius Pollio: de Architectura, Book II</p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#4313;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4314;&#4312;&#8211;&#4313;&#4304;&#4334;&#4308;&#4311;&#4328;&#4312; &#4312;&#4306;&#4312; &#4312;&#4327;&#4317; &#4308;&#4320;&#4311; &#4307;&#4304;&#4320;&#4305;&#4304;&#4310;&#4312;&#4304;&#4316;&#4312; &#4322;&#4312;&#4318;&#4312; (&#4307;&#4312;&#4307;&#4312;, &#4328;&#4308;&#4321;&#4304;&#4321;&#4309;&#4314;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312; &#4313;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4307;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4311;), &#4334;&#4317;&#4314;&#4317; &#4321;&#4304;&#4315;&#4330;&#4334;&#4308;&#8211;&#4335;&#4304;&#4309;&#4304;&#4334;&#4308;&#4311;&#4328;&#4312; &#4307;&#4304; &#4311;&#4320;&#4312;&#4304;&#4314;&#4308;&#4311;&#4328;&#4312;&#8212;it &#4312;&#4327;&#4317; &#4313;&#4317;&#4315;&#4318;&#4314;&#4308;&#4325;&#4321;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312; &#4304;&#4316; &#8222;&#4315;&#4317;&#4307;&#4304;&#4320;&#4305;&#4304;&#4310;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;&#8220; &#4322;&#4312;&#4318;&#4312;, &#4321;&#4304;&#4307;&#4304;&#4330; &#4327;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4304; &#4321;&#4304;&#4330;&#4334;&#4317;&#4309;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312; &#4307;&#4304; &#4308;&#4313;&#4317;&#4316;&#4317;&#4315;&#4312;&#4313;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312; &#4321;&#4312;&#4309;&#4320;&#4330;&#4308; (&#4307;&#4304;&#4320;&#4305;&#4304;&#4310;&#4312;, &#4317;&#4307;&#4304;/&#4317;&#4311;&#4304;&#4334;&#4312;, &#4321;&#4304;&#4331;&#4317;&#4309;&#4304;&#4320;&#4312;, &#4306;&#4317;&#4307;&#4317;&#4314;&#4312;, &#4324;&#4317;&#4311;&#4314;&#4312;&#4304;&#4316;&#4312; &#4321;&#4304;&#4332;&#4327;&#4317;&#4305;&#4312;, &#4315;&#4304;&#4320;&#4330;&#4309;&#4314;&#4308;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4304;&#4332;&#4327;&#4317;&#4305;&#4312;, &#4326;&#4309;&#4312;&#4316;&#4312;&#4321; &#4315;&#4304;&#4320;&#4304;&#4316;&#4312; &#4307;&#4304; &#4321;&#4334;&#4309;&#4304;) &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4314;&#4304;&#4306;&#4308;&#4305;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4312;&#4327;&#4317; &#4336;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4310;&#4317;&#4316;&#4322;&#4304;&#4314;&#4323;&#4320;&#4304;&#4307; &#4308;&#4320;&#4311; &#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4323;&#4320;&#4304;&#4309;&#4312;&#4321; &#4325;&#4309;&#4308;&#4328;</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#8222;&#4313;&#4317;&#4314;&#4334;&#4308;&#4311;&#4312;&#4321; &#4322;&#4327;&#4308;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4318;&#4317;&#4316;&#4322;&#4317;&#4328;&#4312; &#4312;&#4315;&#4307;&#4308;&#4316;&#4304;&#4307; &#4315;&#4320;&#4304;&#4309;&#4314;&#4304;&#4307; &#4304;&#4325;&#4309;&#4311; &#4334;&#4308;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315; &#4304;&#4321;&#4308; &#4304;&#4328;&#4308;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4308;&#4316;. &#4317;&#4320;&#4312; &#4334;&#4308; &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4314;&#4304;&#4306;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304; &#4315;&#4312;&#4332;&#4304;&#4310;&#4308; &#4306;&#4304;&#4321;&#4332;&#4309;&#4320;&#4312;&#4309;, &#4315;&#4304;&#4320;&#4335;&#4309;&#4316;&#4312;&#4309; &#4307;&#4304; &#4315;&#4304;&#4320;&#4330;&#4334;&#4316;&#4312;&#4309;, &#4312;&#4315;&#4307;&#4308;&#4316;&#4312; &#4307;&#4304;&#4328;&#4317;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4311;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315; &#4315;&#4317;&#4308;&#4320;&#4306;&#4317;&#4321; &#4334;&#4308;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4330; &#4315;&#4304;&#4311; &#4306;&#4304;&#4307;&#4304;&#4312;&#4313;&#4309;&#4308;&#4311;&#4308;&#4305;&#4308;&#4316; &#4307;&#4304; &#4328;&#4308;&#4304;&#4308;&#4320;&#4311;&#4308;&#4305;&#4308;&#4316;. &#4304;&#4315; &#4317;&#4320; &#4334;&#4312;&#4321; &#4323;&#4313;&#4312;&#4307;&#4323;&#4320;&#4308;&#4321; &#4321;&#4312;&#4326;&#4315;&#4312;&#4307;&#4304;&#4316; &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4314;&#4304;&#4306;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304; &#4313;&#4312;&#4307;&#4308;&#4309; &#4317;&#4320;&#4312; &#4334;&#4308; &#4313;&#4309;&#4308;&#4311;&#4312;&#4311;: &#4304;&#4315;&#4306;&#4309;&#4304;&#4320;&#4304;&#4307; &#4315;&#4317;&#4316;&#4312;&#4328;&#4316;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;&#4304; &#4321;&#4312;&#4309;&#4320;&#4330;&#4308;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315;&#4308;&#4314;&#4321;&#4304;&#4330; &#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4314;&#4312; &#4315;&#4317;&#4312;&#4330;&#4304;&#4309;&#4321;. &#4317;&#4311;&#4334;&#4312; &#4315;&#4334;&#4304;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321; &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4321;&#4304;&#4310;&#4326;&#4309;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321; &#4328;&#4308;&#4315;&#4307;&#4308;&#4306; &#4304;&#4328;&#4308;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4308;&#4316; &#4313;&#4317;&#4328;&#4313;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321; &#4313;&#4308;&#4307;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4328;&#4308;&#4307;&#4306;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304; &#4334;&#4308;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321;&#4306;&#4304;&#4316;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4330; &#4336;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4310;&#4317;&#4316;&#4322;&#4304;&#4314;&#4323;&#4320;&#4304;&#4307;&#4304;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;, &#4315;&#4304;&#4306;&#4320;&#4304;&#4315; &#4308;&#4320;&#4311;&#4315;&#4304;&#4316;&#4308;&#4311;&#4310;&#4308; &#4309;&#4308;&#4320;&#4322;&#4312;&#4313;&#4304;&#4314;&#4323;&#4320;&#4304;&#4307; &#4328;&#4308;&#4316;&#4304;&#4320;&#4329;&#4323;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;, &#4304;&#4314;&#4322;&#4308;&#4320;&#4316;&#4304;&#4322;&#4312;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4324;&#4308;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4313;&#4323;&#4311;&#4334;&#4308;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321; &#4312;&#4313;&#4320;&#4304;&#4309;&#4308;&#4316;. &#4336;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4310;&#4317;&#4316;&#4322;&#4304;&#4314;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312; &#4328;&#4323;&#4304;&#4314;&#4308;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4330; &#4334;&#4308;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4312;&#4321;&#4325;&#4312;&#4311; &#4304;&#4314;&#4322;&#4308;&#4320;&#4316;&#4304;&#4322;&#4312;&#4323;&#4314;&#4304;&#4307; &#4320;&#4329;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;, &#4312;&#4309;&#4321;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304; &#4329;&#4312;&#4318;&#4321;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4311;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4333;&#4309;&#4312;&#4311;. &#4315;&#4321;&#4306;&#4304;&#4309;&#4321; &#4318;&#4320;&#4312;&#4316;&#4330;&#4312;&#4318;&#4310;&#4308; &#4304;&#4332;&#4327;&#4317;&#4305;&#4308;&#4316; &#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4323;&#4320;&#4304;&#4309;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321;&#4304;&#4330;, &#4311;&#4323;&#4315;&#4330;&#4304; &#4311;&#4304;&#4316;&#4307;&#4304;&#4311;&#4304;&#4316; &#4328;&#4308;&#4315;&#4330;&#4312;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4334;&#4308;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4312;&#4306;&#4320;&#4331;&#4312;&#4311;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4330; &#4313;&#4323;&#4311;&#4334;&#4312;&#4307;&#4304;&#4316; &#4313;&#4323;&#4311;&#4334;&#4308;&#4315;&#4307;&#4308; &#4306;&#4304;&#4307;&#4312;&#4321;, &#4312;&#4321;&#4312;&#4316;&#4312; &#4312;&#4326;&#4308;&#4305;&#4308;&#4316; &#4318;&#4312;&#4320;&#4304;&#4315;&#4312;&#4307;&#4312;&#4321; &#4324;&#4317;&#4320;&#4315;&#4304;&#4321;. &#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4323;&#4320;&#4304;&#4309;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4324;&#4304;&#4320;&#4304;&#4309;&#4308;&#4316; &#4322;&#4317;&#4322;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4311; &#4307;&#4304; &#4332;&#4304;&#4336;&#4327;&#4304;&#4309;&#4311; &#4333;&#4309;&#4312;&#4311;; &#4304;&#4315;&#4306;&#4309;&#4304;&#4320;&#4304;&#4307;, &#4318;&#4320;&#4312;&#4315;&#4312;&#4322;&#4312;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4306;&#4323;&#4315;&#4305;&#4304;&#4311;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4322;&#4312;&#4314;&#4328;&#4312;, &#4315;&#4304;&#4311; &#4313;&#4309;&#4304;&#4307;&#4320;&#4304;&#4322;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4323;&#4320;&#4304;&#4309;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4312;&#4325;&#4315;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;.&#8220;</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Google Maps-ის უკან დამალული თეორია]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4312;&#4307;&#4308;&#4304; &#4311;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4315;&#4308;&#4307;&#4320;&#4317;&#4309;&#4308; &#4330;&#4312;&#4324;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4320;&#4323;&#4313;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4304;&#4324;&#4323;&#4331;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4328;&#4312;]]></description><link>https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/google-maps</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/google-maps</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Adam]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 14 Dec 2025 13:00:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jgmw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20663087-65b1-4dc1-be85-70e534788453_2000x1400.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jgmw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20663087-65b1-4dc1-be85-70e534788453_2000x1400.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jgmw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20663087-65b1-4dc1-be85-70e534788453_2000x1400.heic 424w, 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">[&#4320;&#4317;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320; &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4309;&#4312;&#4311;&#4304;&#4320;&#4307;&#4304; &#4313;&#4304;&#4320;&#4322;&#4317;&#4306;&#4320;&#4304;&#4324;&#4312;&#4304; &#4321;&#4312;&#4309;&#4320;&#4330;&#4312;&#4321; &#4306;&#4304;&#4315;&#4317;&#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4323;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4307;&#4304;&#4316; &#4315;&#4312;&#4321;&#4312; &#4321;&#4322;&#4320;&#4323;&#4325;&#4322;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;&#4315;&#4307;&#4308;, 1]</figcaption></figure></div><p>1960-&#4312;&#4304;&#4316; &#4332;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4328;&#4312; &#4307;&#4304; 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&#4304;&#4320;&#4304;&#4315;&#4308;&#4307; &#4323;&#4320;&#4311;&#4312;&#4308;&#4320;&#4311;&#4325;&#4315;&#4308;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4312;&#4321;&#4322;&#4308;&#4315;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4330; &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4321;&#4304;&#4310;&#4326;&#4309;&#4320;&#4304;&#4309;&#4308;&#4316;, &#4320;&#4304; &#4304;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321; &#4315;&#4316;&#4312;&#4328;&#4309;&#4316;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317;&#4309;&#4304;&#4316;&#4312; (&#4320;&#4304; &#4304;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4304;&#4331;&#4312;&#4308;&#4305;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312;, &#4320;&#4304; &#4304;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321; &#4334;&#4312;&#4314;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4307;&#4304; &#4320;&#4304; &#4312;&#4306;&#4316;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;&#4304;). &#4322;&#4308;&#4325;&#4316;&#4317;&#4314;&#4317;&#4306;&#4312;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4330;&#4304;&#4304; GPS, GIS &#4307;&#4304; &#4304;&#4314;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4311;&#4315;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4320;&#4323;&#4313;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4304;&#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4304;&#4309;&#4308;&#4316; &#4320;&#4308;&#4304;&#4314;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304;&#4321; &#4307;&#4304; &#4304;&#4325;&#4322;&#4312;&#4323;&#4320;&#4304;&#4307; &#4321;&#4322;&#4320;&#4323;&#4325;&#4322;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4308;&#4316; &#4315;&#4304;&#4321;. &#4315;&#4308;&#4322;&#4304;&#4313;&#4304;&#4320;&#4322;&#4317;&#4306;&#4320;&#4304;&#4324;&#4312;&#4304; &#4304;&#4334;&#4321;&#4316;&#4312;&#4321;, &#4320;&#4304;&#4322;&#4317;&#4315; &#4334;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304; &#4308;&#4321; &#4313;&#4317;&#4316;&#4330;&#4308;&#4324;&#4330;&#4312;&#4323;&#4320; &#4307;&#4317;&#4316;&#4308;&#4310;&#4308;, &#4307;&#4308;&#4313;&#4304;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4311; &#4304;&#4307;&#4320;&#4308;, &#4321;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4315; &#4322;&#4308;&#4325;&#4316;&#4317;&#4314;&#4317;&#4306;&#4312;&#4304; &#4304;&#4320;&#4321;&#4308;&#4305;&#4317;&#4305;&#4307;&#4304;.</p><div><hr></div><p>&#4332;&#4327;&#4304;&#4320;&#4317;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;</p><p><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364079443_SEMIOTICS_FROM_MAPS_TO_DIGITAL_EARTH_CONUNDRUMS_AND_CHALLENGES">1</a> - Semiotics from Maps to the Digital Earth: Problems and Challenges</p><p><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346263075_Metacartography_of_A_Aslanikashvili_and_Relational_Cartography">2</a> - Metacartography of A. Aslanikashvili and Relational Cartography</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The hidden theory in Google Maps]]></title><description><![CDATA[A Georgian idea behind modern digital mapping]]></description><link>https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/the-hidden-theory-behind-google-maps</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/the-hidden-theory-behind-google-maps</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Adam]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 14 Dec 2025 13:00:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UtHs!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7439e895-56bb-44ce-a4c8-7f5fcc9695dd_2000x1400.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UtHs!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7439e895-56bb-44ce-a4c8-7f5fcc9695dd_2000x1400.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UtHs!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7439e895-56bb-44ce-a4c8-7f5fcc9695dd_2000x1400.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UtHs!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7439e895-56bb-44ce-a4c8-7f5fcc9695dd_2000x1400.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UtHs!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7439e895-56bb-44ce-a4c8-7f5fcc9695dd_2000x1400.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UtHs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7439e895-56bb-44ce-a4c8-7f5fcc9695dd_2000x1400.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UtHs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7439e895-56bb-44ce-a4c8-7f5fcc9695dd_2000x1400.heic" width="1456" height="1019" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UtHs!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7439e895-56bb-44ce-a4c8-7f5fcc9695dd_2000x1400.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UtHs!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7439e895-56bb-44ce-a4c8-7f5fcc9695dd_2000x1400.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UtHs!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7439e895-56bb-44ce-a4c8-7f5fcc9695dd_2000x1400.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UtHs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7439e895-56bb-44ce-a4c8-7f5fcc9695dd_2000x1400.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">[how cartography evolved from depicting space to structuring it, 1]</figcaption></figure></div><p>In the late 1960s and early 70s, Georgian theorist-cartographer Alexander Aslanikashvili came up with the concept of metacartography, shifting mapmaking from a technical craft to a theoretical science. It exposed contradictions between &#8220;just making maps&#8221; and the deeper scientific principles behind how space is represented. If <a href="https://www.ambulatin.com/p/to-map-and-be-mapped-in-the-early">Cassini</a> taught us how to measure the world, metacartography teaches us how maps decide what the world is.</p><p>The fact that it came about at the same time as French theorists like Foucault were shifting attention from brute facts to how knowledge is structured may not be a coincidence. Aslanikashvili was asking who defines space, by what rules, and for what purpose. If maps are ideas and not just tools, then they shape perception, power, identity, and knowledge, and they also become products of their time rather than some atemporal representation of reality. </p><p>Even if the phrase is overused currently, metacartography basically formalizes the &#8220;the map is not the territory&#8221; concept, but in a meta way that applies it to cartography itself, and theorizes upon it, treating maps as models of real space rather than mathematically perfect representations. Cartography was ignoring deeper philosophical questions about what space is and how humans understand it.</p><p>Aslanikashvili splits cartography into three levels, or strata: the Intervention stratum reflects real-world space and phenomena; the Object stratum looks at actual maps (as communication, models, or critiques of reality); and Metastratum represents the language of maps itself, which Aslanikashvili treats as the true theoretical subject of cartography, expressed through the idea of an ideal map. </p><p>What the Georgian theorist anticipated is the world of digital mapping, where maps are no longer static images but relational systems that decide what matters (what&#8217;s searchable, what&#8217;s visible and what&#8217;s ignored). Technology like GPS, GIS, and algorithmic maps reflect reality while actively structuring it. Metacartography explains why this happens at a conceptual level, decades before the technology existed.</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Sources</strong></p><p><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364079443_SEMIOTICS_FROM_MAPS_TO_DIGITAL_EARTH_CONUNDRUMS_AND_CHALLENGES">1</a> - Semiotics from Maps to the Digital Earth: Problems and Challenges</p><p><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346263075_Metacartography_of_A_Aslanikashvili_and_Relational_Cartography">2</a> - Metacartography of A. Aslanikashvili and Relational Cartography</p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[დედა ენა და ქართული ენის გადარჩენა]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#4320;&#4317;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320; &#4312;&#4325;&#4330;&#4304; &#4304;&#4310;&#4315;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4313;&#4308;&#4311;&#4312; &#4313;&#4323;&#4314;&#4322;&#4323;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314; &#4321;&#4304;&#4327;&#4320;&#4307;&#4308;&#4316;&#4304;&#4307; &#4307;&#4304; &#4324;&#4321;&#4312;&#4325;&#4317;&#4314;&#4317;&#4306;&#4312;&#4323;&#4320; &#4316;&#4312;&#4315;&#4323;&#4328;&#4304;&#4307;]]></description><link>https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/deda-ena-kartuli-enis-gadarchena</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/deda-ena-kartuli-enis-gadarchena</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Adam]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 12 Dec 2025 22:14:22 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oQEY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f7c1ac5-1e49-451d-a185-7890ff56190d_1218x858.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oQEY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f7c1ac5-1e49-451d-a185-7890ff56190d_1218x858.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oQEY!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f7c1ac5-1e49-451d-a185-7890ff56190d_1218x858.heic 424w, 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href="https://archive.org/details/GrammarGeorgianGogebashviliDedaEna/page/1/mode/2up">&#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4308;&#4314;&#4315;&#4331;&#4326;&#4309;&#4304;&#4316;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317;&#4304;</a> &#4305;&#4304;&#4309;&#4328;&#4309;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321;&#4311;&#4309;&#4312;&#4321;. &#4321;&#4334;&#4309;&#4304;&#4307;&#4304;&#4321;&#4334;&#4309;&#4304; &#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4312;&#4311; &#4312;&#4321; &#4307;&#4326;&#4308;&#4315;&#4307;&#4308; &#4315;&#4317;&#4312;&#4325;&#4330;&#4304; &#4312;&#4315; &#4315;&#4311;&#4304;&#4309;&#4304;&#4320; &#4332;&#4312;&#4306;&#4316;&#4304;&#4307;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321; &#4315;&#4308;&#4328;&#4309;&#4308;&#4317;&#4305;&#4312;&#4311;&#4304;&#4330; &#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4321;&#4332;&#4304;&#4309;&#4314;&#4317;&#4305;&#4307;&#4316;&#4308;&#4316; &#4313;&#4312;&#4311;&#4334;&#4309;&#4304;&#4321;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4304;&#4321; &#4321;&#4304;&#4313;&#4323;&#4311;&#4304;&#4320; &#4308;&#4316;&#4304;&#4310;&#4308;, &#4328;&#4312;&#4316;&#4304;&#4304;&#4320;&#4321;&#4317;&#4305;&#4320;&#4312;&#4309;&#4304;&#4307; &#4315;&#4316;&#4312;&#4328;&#4309;&#4316;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317;&#4309;&#4304;&#4316; &#4321;&#4312;&#4322;&#4327;&#4309;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4324;&#4320;&#4304;&#4310;&#4308;&#4305;&#4310;&#4308; &#4307;&#4304;&#4327;&#4320;&#4307;&#4316;&#4317;&#4305;&#4312;&#4311;. &#4315;&#4304;&#4321;&#4304;&#4315;&#4307;&#4308; &#4306;&#4317;&#4306;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;&#4328;&#4309;&#4312;&#4314;&#4321; &#4323;&#4313;&#4309;&#4308; &#4306;&#4304;&#4315;&#4317;&#4325;&#4309;&#4308;&#4327;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4336;&#4325;&#4317;&#4316;&#4307;&#4304; &#8222;&#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#4304;&#4316;&#4305;&#4304;&#4316;&#4312; &#4307;&#4304; &#4318;&#4312;&#4320;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312; 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&#4315;&#4308;&#4315;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4304;&#4314;&#4312;<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a>, &#4309;&#4308;&#4320;&#4323;&#4304;&#4328;&#4312; &#4325;&#4323;&#4329;&#4304;, &#4315;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4308;&#4314;&#4321; &#4304;&#4322;&#4304;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321; &#4321;&#4304;&#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4315;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4311;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4314;&#4317; &#4315;&#4308;&#4307;&#4304;&#4314;&#4312; &#4307;&#4304; &#4321;&#4304;&#4335;&#4304;&#4320;&#4317; &#4307;&#4326;&#4308;. &#4315;&#4304;&#4306;&#4320;&#4304;&#4315; &#4315;&#4312;&#4321;&#4312; &#4306;&#4304;&#4309;&#4314;&#4308;&#4316;&#4304; &#4321;&#4330;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304; &#4315;&#4334;&#4317;&#4314;&#4317;&#4307; &#4315;&#4312;&#4321; &#4316;&#4304;&#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321;.</p><p>&#4306;&#4317;&#4306;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;&#4328;&#4309;&#4312;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4332;&#4304;&#4309;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4315;&#4308;&#4311;&#4317;&#4307;&#4315;&#4304;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312;&#4330; &#4308;&#4324;&#4323;&#4331;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4317;&#4307;&#4304; &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4315;&#4308;&#4317;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;&#4321;, &#4311;&#4304;&#4316;&#4315;&#4312;&#4315;&#4307;&#4308;&#4309;&#4320;&#4323;&#4314;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304;&#4321; &#4307;&#4304; &#4312;&#4316;&#4322;&#4323;&#4312;&#4330;&#4312;&#4323;&#4320; &#4304;&#4321;&#4317;&#4330;&#4312;&#4304;&#4330;&#4312;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321;, &#4328;&#4308;&#4325;&#4315;&#4316;&#4304; &#4312;&#4321; &#4324;&#4321;&#4312;&#4325;&#4317;&#4314;&#4317;&#4306;&#4312;&#4323;&#4320;&#4312; &#4315;&#4310;&#4304;&#4307;&#4327;&#4317;&#4324;&#4316;&#4304;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315;&#4308;&#4314;&#4321;&#4304;&#4330; &#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4315;&#4304; &#4324;&#4321;&#4312;&#4325;&#4317;&#4314;&#4317;&#4306;&#4315;&#4304; &#4307;&#4312;&#4315;&#4312;&#4322;&#4320;&#4312; &#4323;&#4310;&#4316;&#4304;&#4331;&#4308;&#4315; sp&#228;ter &#4315;&#4312;&#4321;&#4330;&#4304; &#4324;&#4317;&#4320;&#4315;&#4304; &#4320;&#4317;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320;&#4330; &#8222;&#4307;&#4304;&#4315;&#4327;&#4304;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4311;&#4308;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4304;&#4321;&#8220; [4]. &#4315;&#4317;&#4313;&#4314;&#4308;&#4307;, &#4311;&#4308;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4304; &#4308;&#4324;&#4323;&#4331;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304; &#4304;&#4310;&#4320;&#4321;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315; &#4304;&#4307;&#4304;&#4315;&#4312;&#4304;&#4316;&#4321; &#4323;&#4327;&#4304;&#4314;&#4312;&#4305;&#4307;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304; &#4325;&#4309;&#4308;&#4330;&#4316;&#4317;&#4305;&#4312;&#4308;&#4320;&#4312; &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4332;&#4327;&#4317;&#4305;&#4304;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312;&#4330; &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4321;&#4304;&#4310;&#4326;&#4309;&#4320;&#4304;&#4309;&#4321; &#4315;&#4312;&#4321; &#4304;&#4326;&#4325;&#4315;&#4304;&#4321; &#4307;&#4304; &#4320;&#4308;&#4304;&#4306;&#4312;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;&#4321;. &#4304;&#4315; &#4315;&#4334;&#4320;&#4312;&#4309; &#8222;&#4307;&#4308;&#4307;&#4304; &#4308;&#4316;&#4304;&#4315;&#8220; &#4321;&#4304;&#4324;&#4323;&#4331;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312; &#4329;&#4304;&#4323;&#4327;&#4304;&#4320;&#4304; &#4308;&#4320;&#4311;-&#4308;&#4320;&#4311; &#4327;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4304;&#4310;&#4308; &#4306;&#4304;&#4309;&#4314;&#4308;&#4316;&#4312;&#4304;&#4316; &#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314; &#4332;&#4309;&#4314;&#4312;&#4314;&#4321; &#4311;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4315;&#4308;&#4307;&#4320;&#4317;&#4309;&#4308; &#4324;&#4321;&#4312;&#4325;&#4317;&#4314;&#4317;&#4306;&#4312;&#4304;&#4328;&#4312;. &#4315;&#4312;&#4321;&#4312; &#4306;&#4304;&#4309;&#4314;&#4308;&#4316;&#4304; &#4315;&#4334;&#4317;&#4314;&#4317;&#4307; &#4308;&#4316;&#4304;&#4321; &#4304;&#4320; &#4328;&#4308;&#4334;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4304;, &#4315;&#4304;&#4316; &#4328;&#4308;&#4325;&#4315;&#4316;&#4304; &#4312;&#4321; &#4304;&#4310;&#4320;&#4317;&#4305;&#4320;&#4312;&#4309;&#4312; &#4316;&#4312;&#4304;&#4307;&#4304;&#4306;&#4312;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315;&#4308;&#4314;&#4310;&#4308;&#4330; sp&#228;ter &#4315;&#4308;&#4330;&#4316;&#4312;&#4308;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;, &#4315;&#4304;&#4311; &#4328;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321; &#4323;&#4310;&#4316;&#4304;&#4331;&#4308;, &#4304;&#4306;&#4308;&#4305;&#4307;&#4316;&#4308;&#4316;. 150 &#4332;&#4308;&#4314;&#4310;&#4308; &#4315;&#4308;&#4322;&#4312; &#4334;&#4316;&#4312;&#4321; &#4328;&#4308;&#4315;&#4307;&#4308;&#4306;&#4304;&#4330; &#4315;&#4312;&#4321;&#4312; &#4324;&#4323;&#4320;&#4330;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4313;&#4309;&#4314;&#4304;&#4309; &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4321;&#4304;&#4310;&#4326;&#4309;&#4320;&#4304;&#4309;&#4321;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4306;&#4317;&#4320; &#4324;&#4312;&#4325;&#4320;&#4317;&#4305;&#4308;&#4316; &#4307;&#4304; &#4321;&#4332;&#4304;&#4309;&#4314;&#4317;&#4305;&#4308;&#4316; &#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;.</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>&#4307;&#4304;&#4315;&#4304;&#4322;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4311;&#4312; &#4312;&#4316;&#4324;&#4317;&#4320;&#4315;&#4304;&#4330;&#4312;&#4304;</strong></p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HyiLGBt0V5A&amp;list=PLfSb1OkFLKtwDmhUf_Tml6L0KHzOpF7z_&amp;index=3">1</a> - &#4305;&#4304;&#4328;&#4309;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321;&#4311;&#4309;&#4312;&#4321; &#4328;&#4308;&#4325;&#4315;&#4316;&#4312;&#4314;&#4312; &#4309;&#4312;&#4307;&#4308;&#4317;&#4306;&#4304;&#4313;&#4309;&#4308;&#4311;&#4312;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312; &#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314;&#4304;&#4307; &#4313;&#4312;&#4311;&#4334;&#4309;&#4304;&#4321;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4304;&#4328;&#4312; (&#4307;&#4304;&#4324;&#4323;&#4331;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#8222;&#4307;&#4308;&#4307;&#4304; &#4308;&#4316;&#4304;&#4310;&#4308;&#8220;)</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>&#4332;&#4327;&#4304;&#4320;&#4317;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;</strong></p><p><a href="https://www.etaloni.ge/geo/main/index/7914">1</a> - &#8222;&#4307;&#4308;&#4307;&#4304; &#4308;&#4316;&#4304;&#4315;&#8220; &#4320;&#4304; &#4336;&#4325;&#4315;&#4316;&#4304;?!&#8220; - &#4314;&#4308;&#4306;&#4308;&#4316;&#4307;&#4304; &#8222;&#4304;&#4312; &#4312;&#4304;&#8220;-&#4310;&#4308; - &#4308;&#4322;&#4304;&#4314;&#4317;&#4316;&#4312;</p><p><a href="https://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/a/&#4307;&#4308;&#4307;&#4304;-&#4308;&#4316;&#4312;&#4321;-&#4307;&#4304;&#4305;&#4320;&#4323;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;---&#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4308;&#4314;&#4315;&#4331;&#4326;&#4309;&#4304;&#4316;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317;-&#4311;&#4323;-&#4313;&#4314;&#4304;&#4321;&#4306;&#4304;&#4320;&#4308;&#4328;&#4308;-&#4321;&#4304;&#4313;&#4312;&#4311;&#4334;&#4304;&#4309;&#4312;-/30058657.html">2</a> - &#8220;&#4307;&#4308;&#4307;&#4304; &#4308;&#4316;&#4312;&#4321;&#8221; &#4307;&#4304;&#4305;&#4320;&#4323;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304; - &#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4308;&#4314;&#4315;&#4331;&#4326;&#4309;&#4304;&#4316;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317; &#4311;&#4323; &#4313;&#4314;&#4304;&#4321;&#4306;&#4304;&#4320;&#4308;&#4328;&#4308; &#4321;&#4304;&#4313;&#4312;&#4311;&#4334;&#4304;&#4309;&#4312;?</p><p><a href="https://georgianencyclopedia.ge/en/form_eng/584">3</a> - Gogebashvili Iakob - Georgian Encyclopedia</p><p><a href="https://georgianjournal.ge/culture/33675-father-of-georgian-psychology-dimitri-uznadze-and-his-theory-of-attitude-and-set.html">4</a> - Father of Georgian psychology Dimitri Uznadze and his &#8220;Theory of Attitude and Set&#8221;</p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#4307;&#4304;&#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4308;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#8222;&#4307;&#4308;&#4307;&#4304; &#4308;&#4316;&#4304;, &#4330;&#4317;&#4307;&#4316;&#4312;&#4321; &#4310;&#4304;&#4320;&#4312;&#8220;, &#4320;&#4317;&#4315;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312;&#4330; &#4304;&#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4304;&#4309;&#4321; 19-&#4308; &#4321;&#4304;&#4323;&#4313;&#4323;&#4316;&#4312;&#4321; &#4315;&#4312;&#4310;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4312;&#4307;&#4308;&#4304;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4321; &#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312; &#8222;<a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/&#4325;&#4304;&#4320;&#4311;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4311;&#4304;_&#4328;&#4317;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321;_&#4332;&#4308;&#4320;&#4304;-&#4313;&#4312;&#4311;&#4334;&#4309;&#4312;&#4321;_&#4306;&#4304;&#4315;&#4304;&#4309;&#4320;&#4330;&#4308;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4308;&#4314;&#4312;_&#4321;&#4304;&#4310;&#4317;&#4306;&#4304;&#4307;&#4317;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;">&#4321;&#4304;&#4310;&#4317;&#4306;&#4304;&#4307;&#4317;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4321;&#4304;&#4315;&#4308;&#4330;&#4316;&#4312;&#4308;&#4320;&#4317; &#4306;&#4304;&#4316;&#4304;&#4311;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321; &#4306;&#4304;&#4309;&#4320;&#4330;&#4308;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321;&#4311;&#4309;&#4312;&#4321;</a>&#8220;</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Deda Ena and the survival of Georgian]]></title><description><![CDATA[How a primer became a cultural anchor and a psychological blueprint]]></description><link>https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/deda-ena-survival-georgian</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/deda-ena-survival-georgian</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Adam]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 12 Dec 2025 20:53:48 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpji!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5302a058-97df-4dbc-9f03-37c6561b2c41_1218x858.heic" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpji!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5302a058-97df-4dbc-9f03-37c6561b2c41_1218x858.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpji!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5302a058-97df-4dbc-9f03-37c6561b2c41_1218x858.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpji!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5302a058-97df-4dbc-9f03-37c6561b2c41_1218x858.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpji!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5302a058-97df-4dbc-9f03-37c6561b2c41_1218x858.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpji!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5302a058-97df-4dbc-9f03-37c6561b2c41_1218x858.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpji!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5302a058-97df-4dbc-9f03-37c6561b2c41_1218x858.heic" width="1218" height="858" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpji!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5302a058-97df-4dbc-9f03-37c6561b2c41_1218x858.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpji!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5302a058-97df-4dbc-9f03-37c6561b2c41_1218x858.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpji!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5302a058-97df-4dbc-9f03-37c6561b2c41_1218x858.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpji!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5302a058-97df-4dbc-9f03-37c6561b2c41_1218x858.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">[Iakob, colorized, and a sample page from an early edition of the Deda Ena]</figcaption></figure></div><p>After the annexation of Georgia in the early 1800s, Russian became the language of administration, education, and the elite, while Georgian remained the everyday language of most people. By the mid-century, Georgian faced heavy Russification pressure and was pushed out of many schools. Publishing in Georgian was also tightly restricted, though censors allowed certain non-political texts. Among its roughly one million native speakers, the language survived on the streets, in markets, in the home, in rural communities, and through an enduring children&#8217;s primer.</p><p>The <em>Deda Ena</em>, created in 1876 by Iakob Gogebashvili, is one of the first and most popular Georgian-language <a href="https://archive.org/details/GrammarGeorgianGogebashviliDedaEna/page/1/mode/2up">textbooks</a> for children. In one form or another, it has survived into modern times as the main way that Georgians learned to read and write in their own language using meaningful words and phrases. Before it, he had published a more straightforward book called <em>The Georgian Alphabet and First Reader for Students</em> in 1865, as well as <em>The Gate of Nature</em> in 1868, an encyclopedia of natural sciences for upper-level primary school students. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ISXs!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F717ff21d-9ab9-4d0a-96ab-7e756cdb5f2f_1174x1412.heic" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ISXs!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F717ff21d-9ab9-4d0a-96ab-7e756cdb5f2f_1174x1412.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ISXs!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F717ff21d-9ab9-4d0a-96ab-7e756cdb5f2f_1174x1412.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ISXs!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F717ff21d-9ab9-4d0a-96ab-7e756cdb5f2f_1174x1412.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ISXs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F717ff21d-9ab9-4d0a-96ab-7e756cdb5f2f_1174x1412.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ISXs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F717ff21d-9ab9-4d0a-96ab-7e756cdb5f2f_1174x1412.heic" width="640" height="769.7444633730835" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ISXs!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F717ff21d-9ab9-4d0a-96ab-7e756cdb5f2f_1174x1412.heic 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ISXs!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F717ff21d-9ab9-4d0a-96ab-7e756cdb5f2f_1174x1412.heic 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ISXs!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F717ff21d-9ab9-4d0a-96ab-7e756cdb5f2f_1174x1412.heic 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ISXs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F717ff21d-9ab9-4d0a-96ab-7e756cdb5f2f_1174x1412.heic 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">[an early cover of the Deda Ena]</figcaption></figure></div><p>Iakob sequestered himself for six months in a remote village, on the banks of the Liakhvi, and carefully compiled the Deda Ena. In his own words, he &#8220;focused solely on one task: to gather as many examples of folk speech as possible, those that carried educational and pedagogical value&#8230;&#8221;. His dedication was driven by an idea that he couldn&#8217;t shake: that <em>kartuli ena</em>, the Georgian language, was so depreciated that it was akin to a &#8220;wretched foundling, deprived of all care and protection&#8221; [1]. And he worked relentlessly to change it.  </p><div class="pullquote"><p>&#4315;&#4334;&#4317;&#4314;&#4317;&#4307; &#4307;&#4308;&#4307;&#4304;-&#4308;&#4316;&#4304; &#4304;&#4320;&#4312;&#4321; &#4308;&#4316;&#4304; &#4321;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304; &#4307;&#4304; &#4306;&#4323;&#4314;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304;, - &#4327;&#4309;&#4308;&#4314;&#4304; &#4323;&#4330;&#4334;&#4317; &#4308;&#4316;&#4304;&#4316;&#4312; &#4313;&#4312; &#4304;&#4320;&#4312;&#4304;&#4316; &#4308;&#4316;&#4304;&#4316;&#4312; &#4315;&#4308;&#4334;&#4321;&#4312;&#4308;&#4320;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;&#4321;&#4304;&#4316;&#4312;&#8230;</p><p>Only the mother tongue is the language of the soul and the heart, - all foreign languages are the languages of memory&#8230;</p><p>&#8212; Iakob Gogebashvili</p></div><p>Several years before his death, in 1912, the Deda Ena was split into two books: one for learning to read &amp; write and the other focusing on teaching a variety of subjects in the humanities and sciences. Since 1925, the original version hadn&#8217;t been published, and any later primers only adapted the original without crediting Gogebashvili. </p><h4>Recent Revival</h4><p>A group known as the Iakob Gogebashvili Society pushed for years to restore the original Deda Ena to schools and, while it was approved in 2009, it was ultimately deemed outdated. In 2019, Georgia&#8217;s Parliament reinstated the 1912 version of the book into the official educational curriculum, with the goal of creating special conditions for its &#8220;vitality, documentation, research, identification, and popularization&#8221; as an item of intangible cultural heritage [2].</p><p>Today, Iakob&#8217;s name can be found across several educational institutions in the country&#8217;s capital, on a monument<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a>, in a street name (in the Vera district), an educational medal and a public holiday. But his influence goes beyond his own publications. </p><p>Gogebashvili&#8217;s teaching method, built on repetition, progression, and intuitive associations created the kind of mental &#8220;readiness&#8221; later formalized by the father of Georgian psychology, <a href="https://www.georgiaphile.com/p/dimitri-uznadze-and-the-theory-of">Dimitri Uznadze</a>, as the &#8220;theory of attitude&#8221; [4]. In short, the theory is based on the idea that people develop a subconscious mental set that shapes how they perceive and respond to the world. In that sense, the primer laid the groundwork for one of Georgia&#8217;s most influential and global contributions to modern psychology. Deda Ena&#8217;s influence didn&#8217;t stop at language, it helped lay the mindset that later scholars, like Uznadze, would build on. Over 150 years later, its pages still shape how Georgians think and learn.</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Additional Information</strong></p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HyiLGBt0V5A&amp;list=PLfSb1OkFLKtwDmhUf_Tml6L0KHzOpF7z_&amp;index=3">1</a> - Video lessons for children on reading &amp; writing in Georgian (based on Deda Ena)</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Sources</strong></p><p><a href="https://www.etaloni.ge/geo/main/index/7914">1</a> - &#8222;&#4307;&#4308;&#4307;&#4304; &#4308;&#4316;&#4304;&#4315;&#8220; &#4320;&#4304; &#4336;&#4325;&#4315;&#4316;&#4304;?!&#8220; - &#4314;&#4308;&#4306;&#4308;&#4316;&#4307;&#4304; &#8222;&#4304;&#4312; &#4312;&#4304;&#8220;-&#4310;&#4308; - &#4308;&#4322;&#4304;&#4314;&#4317;&#4316;&#4312;</p><p><a href="https://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/a/&#4307;&#4308;&#4307;&#4304;-&#4308;&#4316;&#4312;&#4321;-&#4307;&#4304;&#4305;&#4320;&#4323;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304;---&#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4308;&#4314;&#4315;&#4331;&#4326;&#4309;&#4304;&#4316;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317;-&#4311;&#4323;-&#4313;&#4314;&#4304;&#4321;&#4306;&#4304;&#4320;&#4308;&#4328;&#4308;-&#4321;&#4304;&#4313;&#4312;&#4311;&#4334;&#4304;&#4309;&#4312;-/30058657.html">2</a> - &#8220;&#4307;&#4308;&#4307;&#4304; &#4308;&#4316;&#4312;&#4321;&#8221; &#4307;&#4304;&#4305;&#4320;&#4323;&#4316;&#4308;&#4305;&#4304; - &#4321;&#4304;&#4334;&#4308;&#4314;&#4315;&#4331;&#4326;&#4309;&#4304;&#4316;&#4308;&#4314;&#4317; &#4311;&#4323; &#4313;&#4314;&#4304;&#4321;&#4306;&#4304;&#4320;&#4308;&#4328;&#4308; &#4321;&#4304;&#4313;&#4312;&#4311;&#4334;&#4304;&#4309;&#4312;?</p><p><a href="https://georgianencyclopedia.ge/en/form_eng/584">3</a> - Gogebashvili Iakob - Georgian Encyclopedia </p><p><a href="https://georgianjournal.ge/culture/33675-father-of-georgian-psychology-dimitri-uznadze-and-his-theory-of-attitude-and-set.html">4</a> - Father of Georgian psychology Dimitri Uznadze and his &#8220;Theory of Attitude and Set&#8221;</p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>titled <em>Deda Ena, the Bell of Knowledge, </em>reflecting the 19th-century mission and ideals of the Georgian &#8220;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Spreading_of_Literacy_among_Georgians">Society for the Spreading of Literacy</a>&#8221;</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>